Amelia C. Stolk

Chemotaxonomy of the genus Talaromyces

Species of the ascomycetous genus Talaromyces have been examined for profiles of secondary metabolites on TLC. The greatest number of specific metabolites were produced on oatmeal-, malt extract- and yeast-extract sucrose agars. Profiles of intracellular secondary metabolites produced on oatmeal agar were specific for each species and provided a means of simple differentiation of the taxa. Examination of the most important species using high performence liquid chromatography (HPLC) allowed to solve some taxonomic problems. Known mycotoxins are produced by T. stipitatus (duclauxin, talaromycins, botryodiploidin), T. stipitatus chemotype II (emodin), T. panasenkoi (spiculisporic acid), T. trachyspermus (spiculisporic acid), T. trac macrosporus (duclauxin) and T. wortmannii (rugulosin). Wortmannin is produced by an atypical strain of T. flavus but not T. wortmannii. Several other secondary metabolites were discovered for the first time in the following species: Glauconic acid is produced by T. panasenkoi, T. ohiensis and T. trachyspermus; vermiculine by T. ohiensis; duclauxin by T. flavus var. macrosporus and the mitorubrins by T. flavus and T. udagawae. The profiles of secondary metabolites support the established taxonomy of the species based on morphology, showing the genetic stability of profiles of secondary metabolites in Talaromyces. Two new taxa are proposed: T. macrosporus comb. nov. (stat. anam. Penicillium macrosporum stat. nov.), and Penicillium vonarxii, sp. nov. for the anamorph of T. luteus.

A taxonomic study of the Penicillium chrysogenum series

The taxonomy of the Penicillium chrysogenum series is reconsidered. On account of the observations of the available type strains and numerous isolates mainly obtained from food products, Penicillium notatum Westling, P. meleagrinum Biourge and P. cyaneofulvum Biourge are placed in synonymy with P. chrysogenum Thom. Synonymy and variability of the species are discussed.

Thermophilic species ofTalaromyces Benjamin andThermoascus Miehe

Descriptions with drawings are presented of three thermophilic, penicillate, ascocarp producing fungi:Talaromyces emersonii sp.n., conidial stagePenicillium emersonii sp.n.;Talaromyces thermophilus sp.n., conidial stagePenicillium dupontii Griffon et Maublanc andThermoascus crustaceus (Apinis) comb. n., conidial stagePaecilomyces crustaceus Apinis. The identity ofPenicillium dupontii is discussed.Thermoascus crustaceus is compared withT. aurantiacus Miehe.

The Systematics of the Terverticillate Penicillia

The species of the terverticillate Penicillia are re-investigated and delimited on the basis of the morphology of the conidiophores, phialides and conidia. In addition, growth characters and profiles of secondary metabolites were taken into account for definition of the taxa. In general, the terverticillate Penicillia represent a biologically homogenous group, but on the basis of their morphology subdivision into series is proposed. The series and the accepted taxa are discussed briefly and keyed out dichotomously. A list of the principal mycotoxins produced by each taxon is presented. Most species can be identified using morphological and cultural characters as observed on Czapek and 2% malt extract agar, while a more detailed speciation requires the use of a standardized medium regime including Czapek yeast extract agar, creatine sucrose agar and 5% acetic acid agar.

Emericellopsis minima sp.nov. and Westerdykella ornata gen.nov., sp.nov.

Two new fungi, isolated from East African mangrove mud, are described and figured: Emericellopsis minima sp.nov. and Westerdykella ornata gen.nov., sp.nov. Both species belong to the Eurotiaceae. The related fungus Peyronellula mirabilis Malan has been transferred to the genus Emericellopsis van Beyma.

A New Taxonomic Scheme for Penicillium Anamorphs

The genus Penicillium is divided into ten sections: Torulomyces (Delitsch) Stolk & Samson, Aspergilloides Dierckx, Eladia (G. Smith) Stolk & Samson, Divaricatum Raper & Thom ex Pitt, Inordinate Pitt, Ramosum Stolk & Samson, Penicillium, Coremigenum (Biourge) Pitt, Biverticillium (Dierckx) Stolk & Samson, and Geosmithia (Pitt) Stolk & Samson. A key to the section and short descriptions of each section are given. Sections which are subdivided in series are keyed out.

Moniliella, a new genus of Moniliales.

A new hyphomycetous genusMoniliella, characterized by blastospores, and arthrospores, is proposed. Descriptions and drawings are presented of two species:M. acetoabutans Stolk et Dakin sp.n. andM. tomentosa (v. Beyma) Stolk comb.n.

Four new species ofPenicillium

AbstractDescriptions with drawings are presented of four new species ofPenicillium:Penicillium fennelliae sp.n. Penicillium lignorum sp.n. Penicillium striatisporum sp.n. Penicillium hordei sp.n.

The genus Chaetomella fuckel

Chaetomella is characterized and compared with related genera. Three species are described and figured: C. oblonga Fuckel, C. raphigera Swift and C. circinoseta sp.nov. A survey is given of twenty-eight names in Chaetomella , which must be either excluded or considered doubtful. Herbarium material representing nine of them was examined and short descriptions of these species are given. A culture of Amerosporium atrum (Fuckel) Hohnel (syn. C. atra Fuckel) is described, figured and compared with the type specimen. The authentic culture of C. horrida Oudem. is compared with the original type material.

CHEMOTAXONOMY OF EUPENICILLIUM JAVANICUM AND RELATED SPECIES

The secondary metabolites of isolates of Eupenicillium javanicum and related species were examined by thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. E. javanicum produces xanthomegnin and viomellein, while E. ehrlichii differs by the production of brefeldin A, palitantin and penicillic acid. E. zonatum produce janthitrems, xanthomegnin and brefeldin A, indicating an intermediary position between the two former taxa. Isolates of P. janthinellum also produces xanthomegnin and related compounds and this support its identity as the anamorph of E. javanicum. Chemically P. cremeogriseum fits very well with E. ehrlichii and it could be considered as the anamorph of this ascomycete. Production of janthitrems and brefeldin A indicates that P. piscarium is the first available name for the anamorph of E. zonatum. The slow growing species E. meloforme, E. lineolatum, E. angustiporcatum and E. cryptum all differ from E. javanicum and should be recognized as distinct species.