Amit Mittal

Current Strategies and Drug Targets in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

BACKGROUND Diabetes is one of the major concerns worldwide which leads to increased level of blood glucose due to deficiency of insulin and the development of insulin resistance in diabetic individuals. Basically, its impact arises due to rapid urbanization, improper diet intake, and increasingly inactive lifestyle. Diabetic patients develop serious complications with the development of disease at later stages, such as obesity, the risk of stroke and heart failure. Globally, an estimated 422 million adults are living with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS We searched the scientific database using relevant keywords. Among the searched literature, only peer-reviewed papers were collected which addresses our questions. The retrieved quality papers were screened and analyzed critically. The key findings of these studies are included along with the importance. RESULTS The quality research paper included in the review, particularly the antidiabetic drugs which account for the second largest market by sales in the pharmaceutical industry after cancer. So the research came up with several novel therapeutic targets for the management of type 2 diabetes, to produce newer generation antidiabetic drug by offering a new concept for developing new drug candidates. CONCLUSION This review discusses the strategies and future perspectives in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus particularly antidiabetic agents which are helpful for the betterment of diabetic patients.

A Retrospect Study on Thiazole Derivatives as the Potential Antidiabetic Agents in Drug Discovery and Developments

BACKGROUND Heterocycles containing thiazole, a moiety with sulfur and nitrogen is a core structure which is found in a number of biologically active compounds. The thiazole ring is notable as a component of the certain natural products, such as vitamin B1 (thiamine) and penicillins. Thiazole is also known as wonder nucleus and has uses in different biological fields. A number of new compounds contain heterocycle thiazole moieties, thus it is one of the important areas of research. METHODS We searched the scientific database using relevant keywords. Among the searched literature only peer-reviewed papers were collected which addresses our questions. The retrieved quality research articles were screened and analyzed critically. The key findings of these studies were included along with their importance. RESULTS The quality research articles included in this review were selected for the lifethreatening diseases i.e. diabetes, which is one of the serious issues all over the globe with an estimated worldwide prevalence in 2016 of 422 million people, which is expected to rise double to by 2030. Since 1995, there has been an explosion of the introduction of new classes of pharmacological agents having thiazole moieties. However, most of the drugs can cause noncompliance, hypoglycemia, and obesity. Thus, new antidiabetic drugs with thiazole moieties came up with improved compliance and reduced side effects such as pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), netoglitazone, DRF-2189, PHT46, PMT13, DRF-2519. With such a great importance, research in thiazole is part of many academic and industrial laboratories worldwide. CONCLUSION The present review describes the importance of thiazole nucleus and its derivatives as antidiabetic agents with an emphasis on the past as well as recent developments.

In-silico Molecular Docking Study to Search New SGLT2 Inhibitor based on Dioxabicyclo[3.2.1] octane Scaffold

BACKGROUND Diabetes is a leading cause of high mortality rate in the world. Recently SGLT2 inhibitors showed the promising result to treat diabetes and therefore several molecules are approved by US FDA Objective: SGLT2 inhibitors were designed based on the dioxabicyclo[3.2.1] octane with the aim to search new lead molecule. METHODS The molecular structures were drawn in ChemBiodraw ultra and molecular docking study was performed by AutoDock Vina 1.5.6 software. The LogP and toxicity were predicted online using AlogP and Lazar in-silico respectively. RESULTS Among all the designed molecules, SK306 showed the maximum binding affinity against the 3dh4 SGLT2 protein of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. LogP values were also calculated in order to determine the lipophilic property of the best binding molecules which showing LogP 2.82-3.79 in the range for good absorption and elimination, also predicted to be non-toxic. CONCLUSION SGLT2 inhibitors were designed based on the dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane resulting to a new lead molecule with high binding affinity; also these molecules were predicted non-carcinogenic with low LogP.