Amod Sharma

Study on Marketing Efficiency of Rapeseed and Mustard crop in Jaipur District of Rajasthan, India

Rajasthan, one of the major rapeseed and mustard producing states in India, predominantly cultivate Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). The present study conducted in Jaipur district of Rajasthan reveals that per hectare marketed surplus was found out to be highest (2212.50 q) on medium farms, followed by 1142.80 q and 145.50 q on small and marginal farm, as the marketed surplus was higher than marketable surplus for all size group of farmers. Two marketing channels were identified viz., channel I: Producer-Consumer and channel II: ProducerRetailer-Consumer. Pattern of disposal showed that channel II was the most effective for marginal, small and medium groups viz., they transacted 80.34, 71.50 and 77.25 % of their marketed surplus through this channel. The cost incurred by intermediaries was 27.29 % of the total marketing cost in channel II. Producer share in consumer rupees’ was found higher on channel I (94.33 %) due to the absence of intermediaries as compared to channel II (91.73 %).

Inefficiency in Cultivation of Maize on Different Sized Farm in Uttar Pradesh

Introduction Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy both in terms of contribution to GDP and the proportion of population dependent upon it. A high growth rate of agriculture is essential for achieving the objective of food security at macro as well as micro levels and also for alleviating poverty level. While 21.00 per cent (at constant price) of the GDP in India is contributed by agriculture sector almost twothird of the country‟s population is dependent on this sector. Agriculture exports accounts for about 14.00 per cent of the country‟s total exports 14 . International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 05 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com It is well known fact that the globalization and ongoing reforms under WTO regime has more pressure especially being exerted on agriculture and to improve its efficiency, so as to enable agricultural commodities to compete in international market. Of late, there has been surge in demand for maize in the international market and this crop has attracted global interest. In view of this, an attempt has been made to quantify the inefficiency existing in the production process of maize and policy prescription to control inefficiencies to make Indian maize more competitive. The study reveals that various measures of inefficiency have shown an inverse relationship between farm size and inefficiency in panel I (pre WTO) while in panel II the medium farms were least inefficient. Unlike in panel I, no clear relationship between farm size and inefficiency could be observed in the panel II. Notwithstanding this, the existence of inefficiency indicates that there is a potential for decreasing cost and raising output and profit. Further, when the farms of different size-classes over two panels were considered, it was found that the degree of inefficiency of farms for respective sizes in the panel I is significantly higher than that in the panel II. K e y w o r d s Uttar Pradesh, Inefficiency, Maize, Farm, Cultivation, Size Accepted: 07 April 2018 Available Online: 10 May 2018 Article Info Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 635-647 636 There have been remarkable changes in Indian agriculture on account of the green revolution, which are reflected through a notable increase in use of fertilizers, agro-chemicals and pesticides. The fertilizer consumption in terms of nutrients (N, P, and K) has increased from 2.21 million tones in 1970 to 1971 to more than 16.70 million tones in 2003 to 2004 and the irrigation potential has increased from 38 million hectares in 1970 to 1971 to 84.7 million hectares in 1999 to 2000. During the period from 1970 to 1971 to 2004 to 2005 the yield of wheat has increased from 1.31 to 2.72 tonnes / hectare, rice from 1.13 to 2.03 tonnes / hectare, jowar from 0.466 to 0.841 tonnes / hectare, and maize increased from 1.28 to 1.89 tonnes / hectare. The problem of restrained growth in agriculture sector is a cause of concern to various stakeholders. The growth rate of past may not be attainable in future unless some technological breakthrough occurs. Maintaining reasonable growth rates in output of major crops in terms of area and production is important not only for economic growth but also for sustaining food security in the country. Stepping up the growth of agriculture sector, thus, calls for priority attention. Maize is one of the coarse cereal crops, gaining significant importance in Indian economy, contributes Rs. 6,000 crores annually to India‟s GDP and generates 450 million man-days of employment Globally, maize has great potential as animal feed, human food and industrial end uses, and therefore, emerged as the third most important crop after rice and wheat. Uttar Pradesh occupied about 26.00 per cent of the total maize area in the country and contributes about 22.00 per cent in the total production. Maize is a staple food for an estimated 5.00 to 6.00 per cent of the population in Uttar Pradesh 14 . Low productivity of maize in the country visà-vis other maize growing countries has remained the main concern for India. The productivity in the country is quite low with average yield being about 1.90 tonnes / ha; against 7.00 tonnes / ha in developed countries and the world average of 4.40 tonnes / ha. Given the globalization and ongoing reforms under WTO regime, more pressure is being exerted on agriculture to improve its efficiency so as to enable agricultural commodities to complete in international market. Of late, there has been surge in demand for maize in the international market and this crop has attracted global interest. The demand pattern for food consumption is undergoing a change in India. According to results of NSSO surveys (GOI, 2003 and 2005 C), there is a shift in the consumption pattern of the population in favour of non-cereal items like milk, vegetable, fruits, animal foods. Amongst cereals wheat and rice are more preferred. Therefore, direct human consumption of maize will either decline or remain constant in the near future. In India, during 1971 nearly 73.00 per cent of the maize grown in the country was consumed as food, which has been drastically reduced to 33.00 per cent during 2000. Whereas, the per cent of maize being used as animal feed; especially as poultry feed has increased from mere 14.00 per cent in 1971 to 47.00 per cent in 2000. Rising income levels, lead to higher demand of meat, particularly poultry, which in turn explains such an increase in feed demand for maize. The poultry sector is one of the fastest growing sectors in the country; the poultry industry is growing at an overall rate of 15.00 to 20.00 per cent per annum. The broiler farming which started very late in early 1970s has picked up very fast. Similar is the case of dairy sector, as the per capita milk and milk products consumption is rising, the demand Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 635-647 637 for maize as feed is bound to increase dramatically in future domestically. The growth rate of area of maize crop could be seen as discouraging due to drastic decrease in its growth in the period ending 1997 to 1999 over period 1966 to 1985 mostly in all leading maize producing districts of Uttar Pradesh. Overall the limiting factors for maize farming had been articulated by labour problems, erratic rainfall, poor genotype, incidence of diseases, and low market price. The Government of India has taken certain measures to increase production and productivity of maize. However, it is not enough to attain self-sufficiency in this area. It is also important to control inefficiencies, if any, in the production process in the competitive in the international market. Future growth in maize sector in India will depend on two proved technologies that could boost productivity as well as contribute to lower the production cost. The productive efficiency is the central issue to all sectors of the economy and agriculture sector is no exception. Given the limited availability of resources, their judicious use will possibly accelerate generation of increased income for farmers in the agriculture sector and would also generate surplus to plough back to upgrade technology, which is expected to gear up the pace of development. It is efficiency, as a package of technical, allocative and scale and not the one obtained only in one line that can lead to generation of surplus income. It is not appropriate to infer anything about the relative efficiency of any farm simply by looking at either technical or allocative or scale efficiency. The presence of inefficiency can lead to following three major consequences. Reduction in the quantity of output for a given set of inputs; Under-utilization or overuse of some of inputs; and Increase in cost of production. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the sources of inefficiency existing in the production process of maize and accordingly recommend policy prescription to make Indian maize competitive by controlling inefficiencies. This study was undertaken to estimate all three inefficiencies simultaneously instead of estimating one kind of inefficiency in cultivation of maize crop which has significant potential for international trade. Objectives of the study The specific objectives of the study were To examine three types of inefficiencies viz. technical, allocative and scale; and To recommend policy prescriptions required to control inefficiency and thereby making Indian maize more competitive in domestic and international markets.

An Economics Analysis of Production and Marketing of Groundnut in Porbandar District of Gujarat

The study was conducted in Porbandar districts of Gujarat. The objective of study also examines trends, costs and returns structure, resource use efficiency in Porbandar district of Gujarat. The study was based on the primary data of 45 groundnut cultivators for the year 2014–15 The secondary data on area, production and productivity for period 1991–92 to 2013–14. The functional analysis was also carried out by using Cobb-Douglas type of production function. Further the study revealed that area, production and productivity in case of kharif groundnut decline. The per hectare cost of cultivation for kharif groundnut was ` 50,434.33. Total benefit cost ratio of kharif groundnut was 1.12. The results of production function analysis indicated that the selected seven variables jointly explained 0.78% variation in production under kharif groundnut. The human labour(X1), manures(X4) and phosphorus (X6) fertilizer in kharif groundnut are significant variables. This indicates that there is scope to increase the use of these resources to increase the production. The results of resource use efficiencies indicated that the MVPs of human labour, manures and phosphorus in kharif groundnut were more than unity. It indicates that, there is scope to increase input level of these resource variables to maximize the output. Per quintal marketing cost of groundnut was ` 389.22 and the major items marketing cost of packaging charges and transport charges. The study revealed that the farmers were not fully aware of some of the components of groundnut production improved technology. To increase their yield levels, there is a need to increase adoption of recommended technologies like use of HYV and hybrid varieties, fertilizers, plant protection and other technologies given by the Universities for increasing the groundnut productivity. There was a scope for extension agencies to educate the farmers for adopting recommended technologies.

Impact of Women Labour and its Utilization under different Agro-Climatic Zones with Reference to different Farm Size Groups in State of Assam

In this paper an attempt has been made to estimate the impact of women labour and its utilization undertaken based on different agro-climatic zones with reference to different farm size group in the state of Assam, study further reveals that out of the total population in the sampled households, 48.27 per cent are female, out of that 23.07 per cent were comprising between the age group of 15–59 years, 16.42 per cent were below 15 years and it was least with 8.78 per cent were above 59 years. The availability of human labour was found to be 763.61 mandays (out of that 733.79 mandays are of family and 29.8 mandays attached labour) per farm of which 50.58 per cent was female labour. On the other hand, per hectare availability was recorded to be 515.8 mandays. The above study brought out the fact that in Assam, women participation was substantial in crop production activities. The utilization of female labour in rice cultivation, especially in HYV rice, is most noteworthy, respectively.

Impact and constraints faced by the borrowers of cooperative bank finance in Nagaland

The present study was undertaken on sixty borrowers of cooperative bank during 2009 to 2012 in Dimapur district of Nagaland to examine the impact of loan on borrowers a resource use efficiency on pooled data as well as on different farm size group were fitted, which was found to be significant. As per the client satisfaction index 48.33% were medium satisfied, followed by 23.67% as low satisfied and remaining 25.00% as highly satisfied with the extension services of banks available presently. It was further observed that on rank based quotient the foremost constraints was of amount of loan, followed by preparation of DPR, lack of technical guidance from bank, time of disbursement, subsidiary/rebate on loan, disbursement of loan, credit facilities and miscellaneous, form issued by the bank, knowledge about type of loan, bank interest rate, filling up of loan forms, repayment period etc at the lower scale.

Current trends in pulse crops production: An overview

In, this study current trend in pulse crops production has been emphasised. The study was based on secondary data from 1950–51 to 2012–13. The data is based on several governmental documents and web sites. The linear, quadratic and exponential functions were fitted in order to analyse the trends in area, production and productivity of pulse crops in India. Quadratic functional form was employed to fit the trend due to its higher R2 value as compared to other two forms. Besides these, compound growth rate (CGR), co-efficient of variation (CV) and instability index (II) were also computed. In the present study the effects on area, productivity as well as their interactions towards increasing trend towards the production were estimated. Further study reveals that in the present fitted linear quadratic form the ‘c’ value have positive and statistically significant on overall time period of pulse production in the country more particularly during Phase I and Phase II. The growing of pulse crops was not risky as revealed by the lower CV. The CV of area, production and productivity of pulse crops were less than 0.08%. The instability indices for area, production and productivity for pulse crops were positive and thereby indicating no risk for growing pulse crops in coming days. The increase in production is due to increase in area as well as interaction of area and productivity of pulse crops in the study periods.