An. D. Zolotarenko

Solubility of Fullerenes in Naftalan

From ancient times naftalan is used to treat various diseases both of animals and of humans. The positive use of fullerenes in medicine, pharmacology and perfumery makes them an attractive and promising object of extensive research. The combination of fullerenes and naftalan oil together in one compound, affecting positively on the vital functions of the human body, can bring the unexpected results. The solubility of fullerenes in naftalan oil may be the key moment in the synthesis of products of such kind. A detailed study focused on the elucidation of the fullerenes solubility in naftalans has been presented in this chapter: (1) determination of the solubility of fullerite in naftalan; (2) definition of the regions of naftalan transmission in toluene; (3) measurement of fullerenes solutions spectra in naftalan; and (4) comparison of the measured spectra of fullerene solutions in naftalan and toluene.

Solubility and Transformation of Fullerene C60 Molecule

This paper deals with the research of solubility of fullerene C60 molecule and from our investigation we have concluded that the degree of solubility of fullerene molecules depends on their chemical activity and their chemical activity is defined by the energy state of fullerene molecule. Among the set of states three ground resonance structures (A, B, C) are in existence in fullerene molecule.

Features of Physical and Chemical Adsorption During Interaction of Polycrystalline and Nanocrystalline Materials with Gases

Diborides of group IV transition metals are considered in the context of the features of two types of adsorption (physical and chemical) during interaction of polycrystalline and nanocrystal materials (carbon nanotubes, highly dispersed iron powder etc.) with gases (CO2, H2O-vapor). Due to Raman scattering spectroscopy, it is established that, in the case of adsorption, only gas chemical adsorption with typical minimal distance between absorbed gas molecule and adsorbing agent surface occurs on the surfaces of all synthesized nanoparticles. It is confirmed that the reference Raman spectrum of the correspondent nanoparticles (according to the Hirsch reference book) remains in all cases. The adsorption of oxygen and nitrogen during oxidation of diborides of group IV transition metals is investigated.

Encapsulated Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles in Carbon Shells

This paper discusses the method of arc discharge in gaseous phase (ADG) and it has been used for production of iron, nickel and their mechanical mixtures based on Me-C composites. The product has been synthesized using are plasma -chemical installation with vertical location of the reactor which has the mobile cathode. The mechanical mixture of graphite and metals powders has been added into the anode along its axis. Investigations of micro- and nanostructures of produced composites have been carried out using the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The Me-C nanocomposites (Me = Fe, Ni, Fe + Ni) with the structure simillar to the nucleus – cover structure have been produced. It has been noticed their response to the magnetic field action. Me-C nanocomposite material has been taken out of soot by magnetic separation of parietal soot suspension in hydrocarbons. The initial fullerite crystals, which are contained in soot before extraction process, have been shown. The self-descriptiveness and the high speed performance of qualitative and quantitative analysis of the method for soluble nanomaterials have been pointed out.

The Peculiarities of Nanostructures Formation in Liquid Phase

The processes occurring on the electrodes and in the liquid phase during the arc discharge in the liquid phase (ADLP) have been considered in the present work and we explain the mechanism of carbon nanostructures (CNS) formation proposing the model based on the analysis of existing regularities in behaviour of charged particles under extreme temperature and pressure gradients. The CNS synthesis by ADLP method has been performed in dielectric liquids: hydrocarbons, liquid gases (N2, Ar, He, etc.), deionized water and others. Suspension containing clusters of synthesized nanostructures has been formed by the synthesis. The efficiency of this method is sharply increased by using arc discharge in the liquid phase where powder reagent layer is used as anode. To increase the frequency of electrodes clamping and moving apart, an electromagnetic vibrator has been used in this method and it brings and takes away the cathode from the powder reagent at a specified frequency. For ADLP, nanostructures form simultaneously at several points on the conducting particle surface as a result of microscopic acts of arc discharge. These nanostructures are generated from the liquid phase and anode vapors and represent the product exhibiting rather interesting physical and chemical properties. Based on the analysis of the observations performed in the course of carbon nanostructures synthesis, the model of nanostructures formation by arc discharge in the liquid phase has been proposed in this paper. Presence and absence of deposit on the cathode have been explained.

Hydrogenation of Fullerite C60 in Gaseous Phase

The fullerene is the fourth allotropic modification of carbon and its properties, as volume, gravimetric and electrochemical capacities, are in excess of many similar properties of metal hydrides and hydrocarbons. The solution of the problem of the reversible hydrogenation of each carbon atom in the frame of fullerene molecule will allow to create the hydrogen storage with the capacity up to 7.7 wt.% H. A series of experiments have been conducted to evaluate the full hydrogenation of fullerite C60; hydrofullerenes have been produced experimentally with the variable content of hydrogen. The optimum regime of C60 hydrogenation has been determined resulting in the full hydrogenation of fullerene molecule C60. As was apparent after the tests, the sequence of formation of hydrogenated fullerene molecule C60H60 in fullerite has been going in the following order: the molecular hydrogen dissolution in octahedral interstices of fcc lattice of fullerite, the dissociation of hydrogen molecules in going from octa- to tetrahedral interstices, the interaction of hydrogen atoms with fullerene molecule. It has been demonstrated that chemisorption process of hydrogen by molecule C60 is limited by diffusive processes in fullerite after hydrogen concentration conformed to C60H36. The spectral analysis have shown that the second stage process of chemisorption follows the compressive shell model. The suggestion of the model of processes going on at the interaction between H2 and fullerite C60 has been made. The mechanism for the definition of hydrogenation degree of molecule C60 has been proposed in the present paper.

Spectrophotometric Analysis of C 60 and C 70 Fullerences in the Toluene Solutions

The method for determination of the molar absorption coefficient (MAC) of C60 and C70 fullerenes has been developed. The values of MAC obtained by the graphic method are refined there after by the mathematical method of successive approximation.