An Lebacq

The remodeling of cardiovascular bioprostheses under influence of stem cell homing signal pathways

Optimizing current heart valve replacement strategies by creating living prostheses is a necessity to alleviate complications with current bioprosthetic devices such as calcification and degeneration. Regenerative medicine, mostly in vitro tissue engineering, is the forerunner of this optimization search, yet here we show the functionality of an in vivo alternative making use of 2 homing axes for stem cells. In rats we studied the signaling pathways of stem cells on implanted bioprosthetic tissue (photooxidized bovine pericardium (POP)), by gene and protein expression analysis. We found that SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 and FN/VLA4 homing axes play a role. When we implanted vascular grafts impregnated with SDF-1alpha and/or FN as carotid artery interpositions, primitive cells were attracted from the circulation. Next, bioprosthetic heart valves, constructed from POP impregnated with SDF-1alpha and/or FN, were implanted in pulmonary position. As shown by CD90, CD34 and CD117 immunofluorescent staining they became completely recellularized after 5 months, had a normal function and biomechanical properties and specifically the combination of SDF-1alpha and FN had an optimal valve-cell phenotype.

Gene expression study of monocytes/macrophages during early foreign body reaction and identification of potential precursors of myofibroblasts.

Foreign body reaction (FBR), initiated by adherence of macrophages to biomaterials, is associated with several complications. Searching for mechanisms potentially useful to overcome these complications, we have established the signaling role of monocytes/macrophages in the development of FBR and the presence of CD34+ cells that potentially differentiate into myofibroblasts. Therefore, CD68+ cells were in vitro activated with fibrinogen and also purified from the FBR after 3 days of implantation in rats. Gene expression profiles showed a switch from monocytes and macrophages attracted by fibrinogen to activated macrophages and eventually wound-healing macrophages. The immature FBR also contained a subpopulation of CD34+ cells, which could be differentiated into myofibroblasts. This study showed that macrophages are the clear driving force of FBR, dependent on milieu, and myofibroblast deposition and differentiation.