Anbang Zhao

An Improved Azimuth Angle Estimation Method with a Single Acoustic Vector Sensor Based on an Active Sonar Detection System

In this paper, an improved azimuth angle estimation method with a single acoustic vector sensor (AVS) is proposed based on matched filtering theory. The proposed method is mainly applied in an active sonar detection system. According to the conventional passive method based on complex acoustic intensity measurement, the mathematical and physical model of this proposed method is described in detail. The computer simulation and lake experiments results indicate that this method can realize the azimuth angle estimation with high precision by using only a single AVS. Compared with the conventional method, the proposed method achieves better estimation performance. Moreover, the proposed method does not require complex operations in frequency-domain and achieves computational complexity reduction.

Experimental Demonstration of Long-Range Underwater Acoustic Communication Using a Vertical Sensor Array

This paper proposes a composite channel virtual time reversal mirror (CCVTRM) for vertical sensor array (VSA) processing and applies it to long-range underwater acoustic (UWA) communication in shallow water. Because of weak signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), it is unable to accurately estimate the channel impulse response of each sensor of the VSA, thus the traditional passive time reversal mirror (PTRM) cannot perform well in long-range UWA communication in shallow water. However, CCVTRM only needs to estimate the composite channel of the VSA to accomplish time reversal mirror (TRM), which can effectively mitigate the inter-symbol interference (ISI) and reduce the bit error rate (BER). In addition, the calculation of CCVTRM is simpler than traditional PTRM. An UWA communication experiment using a VSA of 12 sensors was conducted in the South China Sea. The experiment achieves a very low BER communication at communication rate of 66.7 bit/s over an 80 km range. The results of the sea trial demonstrate that CCVTRM is feasible and can be applied to long-range UWA communication in shallow water.

An Improved Aerial Target Localization Method with a Single Vector Sensor

This paper focuses on the problems encountered in the actual data processing with the use of the existing aerial target localization methods, analyzes the causes of the problems, and proposes an improved algorithm. Through the processing of the sea experiment data, it is found that the existing algorithms have higher requirements for the accuracy of the angle estimation. The improved algorithm reduces the requirements of the angle estimation accuracy and obtains the robust estimation results. The closest distance matching estimation algorithm and the horizontal distance estimation compensation algorithm are proposed. The smoothing effect of the data after being post-processed by using the forward and backward two-direction double-filtering method has been improved, thus the initial stage data can be filtered, so that the filtering results retain more useful information. In this paper, the aerial target height measurement methods are studied, the estimation results of the aerial target are given, so as to realize the three-dimensional localization of the aerial target and increase the understanding of the underwater platform to the aerial target, so that the underwater platform has better mobility and concealment.

A Three-Dimensional Target Depth-Resolution Method with a Single-Vector Sensor

This paper mainly studies and verifies the target number category-resolution method in multi-target cases and the target depth-resolution method of aerial targets. Firstly, target depth resolution is performed by using the sign distribution of the reactive component of the vertical complex acoustic intensity; the target category and the number resolution in multi-target cases is realized with a combination of the bearing-time recording information; and the corresponding simulation verification is carried out. The algorithm proposed in this paper can distinguish between the single-target multi-line spectrum case and the multi-target multi-line spectrum case. This paper presents an improved azimuth-estimation method for multi-target cases, which makes the estimation results more accurate. Using the Monte Carlo simulation, the feasibility of the proposed target number and category-resolution algorithm in multi-target cases is verified. In addition, by studying the field characteristics of the aerial and surface targets, the simulation results verify that there is only amplitude difference between the aerial target field and the surface target field under the same environmental parameters, and an aerial target can be treated as a special case of a surface target; the aerial target category resolution can then be realized based on the sign distribution of the reactive component of the vertical acoustic intensity so as to realize three-dimensional target depth resolution. By processing data from a sea experiment, the feasibility of the proposed aerial target three-dimensional depth-resolution algorithm is verified.

Research on the double vector hydrophones’ location for underwater low frequency source depth identification

The double vertically arranged vector hydrophones’ pressure and horizontal velocity cross spectrum in Pekeris waveguide is derived, and the sign distribution of its active component is analyzed. The sign distribution varies with the horizontal ranges and source depths regularly, the signs change in a certain depth and the depth is defined as critical depth. By locating the vector hydrophones properly, a critical depth which is independent of horizontal range can be obtained, and this characteristic can be used for discriminating the source depth. The method of forecasting the vector hydrophones’ locating depths according to the requirements of the critical depth is studied, and the forecast accuracy is validated by the simulation results. A reasonable set of the critical depth is conducive to discriminate the source depth accurately and effectively, which has extensive application prospects.

Application and Extension of Vertical Intensity Lower-Mode in Methods for Target Depth-Resolution with a Single-Vector Sensor

In this paper, based on the reactive component of the vertical intensity, the method for target depth resolution has been improved. In the previous existing research results, using the reactive component of vertical intensity, the research objects for target depth resolution in shallow water, can only be the targets whose frequencies can only excite the first two normal modes, and the depth of targets whose frequencies excite more than two normal modes cannot be correctly identified. The basic idea of the improved method is to classify targets on the foundation of the lower-mode correlation quantity of the vertical intensity. Based on the improved method, we can realize depth resolution of the targets whose frequency can excite the first three normal modes so as to effectively expand the working band useful for target depth resolution. Finally, we can realize the three-dimensional target depth resolution so as to distinguish the aerial, surface and underwater targets. The feasibility of the algorithm is verified by simulation and experimental data processing.

An Underwater Time Reversal Communication Method Using Symbol-Based Doppler Compensation with a Single Sound Pressure Sensor

Due to the significant multipath and Doppler effects in the underwater acoustic (UWA) channel, the quality of the received signal is degraded, which seriously affects the performance of UWA communication. The paper proposes a time reversal UWA communication method combined with a symbol-based Doppler compensation (SBDC) technique to solve those problems. A single element time reversal mirror (TRM) is used to realize channel equalization and mitigate the inter-symbol interference (ISI) resulting from multipath propagation. The SBDC technique is subsequently used to compensate Doppler effects in the received signal, thereby reducing the bit error rate (BER) and improving the communication performance. In order to verify the performance of the proposed communication method, some simulations with real sounding channels were performed. Moreover, a field UWA communication experiment was conducted in the Songhua River (Harbin, China). The UWA communication experiment achieves nearly error-free performance with a communication rate of 100 bit/s in the bandwidth of 2 kHz. The results of the experiment demonstrate the feasibility and robustness of the proposed UWA communication method.

Experimental performance evaluation of underwater active detection and positioning system

Underwater targets active detection and positioning are of increasing challenges in various underwater practical engineering applications. The performance of the proposed detection and positioning algorithms are validated and evaluated by designed open-lake experiments. The widely used matched-filter, conducted in frequency-domain, is improved by normalized least mean square algorithm to achieve the better detection ability. The improved detector is applied to the underwater targets detection in these experiments. Post-processing technique based on autocorrelation is proposed to enhance the performance of detection by cancelling the noise existing in frequency-domain. The underwater target is located on the basis of the time-delay and azimuth estimation. The open-lake experimental results show that the detection and positioning system is robust and effective in the complex underwater environment. The designed model and these proposed techniques provide a better way to underwater target active detection and positioning.Underwater targets active detection and positioning are of increasing challenges in various underwater practical engineering applications. The performance of the proposed detection and positioning algorithms are validated and evaluated by designed open-lake experiments. The widely used matched-filter, conducted in frequency-domain, is improved by normalized least mean square algorithm to achieve the better detection ability. The improved detector is applied to the underwater targets detection in these experiments. Post-processing technique based on autocorrelation is proposed to enhance the performance of detection by cancelling the noise existing in frequency-domain. The underwater target is located on the basis of the time-delay and azimuth estimation. The open-lake experimental results show that the detection and positioning system is robust and effective in the complex underwater environment. The designed model and these proposed techniques provide a better way to underwater target active detection an...

Underwater acoustics array spatial reversal convolution and beamforming

A novel underwater acoustic array signal processing method based on spatial reversal and convolution, aiming at improving detection performance, is proposed to meet the engineering application demand of the underwater acoustic array detection system. The theoretical and mathematical model of the proposed method is deduced and presented in detail. Based on the extended covariance matrix of the physical array, the array sensitivity equalization and the noise suppression technique of the underwater acoustic array are studied. The additional gain provided by sensitivity equalization and noise suppression techniques is analyzed and exploited. Computer modelling and various numerical simulations are applied to demonstrate the proposed method’s effectiveness. At-sea experimental data are processed to test the performance in real underwater acoustic environment. These results indicate that the proposed array processing method can effectively improve the detection ability. The proposed techniques in this paper provide an insightful way to improve the detection performance of the underwater acoustic array.A novel underwater acoustic array signal processing method based on spatial reversal and convolution, aiming at improving detection performance, is proposed to meet the engineering application demand of the underwater acoustic array detection system. The theoretical and mathematical model of the proposed method is deduced and presented in detail. Based on the extended covariance matrix of the physical array, the array sensitivity equalization and the noise suppression technique of the underwater acoustic array are studied. The additional gain provided by sensitivity equalization and noise suppression techniques is analyzed and exploited. Computer modelling and various numerical simulations are applied to demonstrate the proposed method’s effectiveness. At-sea experimental data are processed to test the performance in real underwater acoustic environment. These results indicate that the proposed array processing method can effectively improve the detection ability. The proposed techniques in this paper pro...

Open-Lake Experimental Investigation of Azimuth Angle Estimation Using a Single Acoustic Vector Sensor

Five well-known azimuth angle estimation methods using a single acoustic vector sensor (AVS) are investigated in open-lake experiments. A single AVS can measure both the acoustic pressure and acoustic particle velocity at a signal point in space and output multichannel signals. The azimuth angle of one source can be estimated by using a single AVS in a passive sonar system. Open-lake experiments are carried out to evaluate how these different techniques perform in estimating azimuth angle of a source. The AVS that was applied in these open-lake experiments is a two-dimensional accelerometer structure sensor. It consists of two identical uniaxial velocity sensors in orthogonal orientations, plus a pressure sensor—all in spatial collocation. These experimental results indicate that all these methods can effectively realize the azimuth angle estimation using only one AVS. The results presented in this paper reveal that AVS can be applied in a wider range of application in distributed underwater acoustic systems for passive detection, localization, classification, and so on.