André Medeiros de Andrade

Cosmo-SkyMed X-band SAR data for classification of ice-free areas and glacier facies on Potter Peninsula, King George Island Antarctica

The climate change phenomena have been influencing terrestrial and glacial ecosystems around the planet. Maritime Antarctica is especially sensitive to these climate variations and over the last 50 years increasing global air temperatures have caused extensive glacial retreat. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential use of the SAR technology in monitoring the surface dynamics of the Potter Peninsula, King George Island, maritime Antarctica. An image generated by the SAR satellite COSMO-SkyMed, obtained on 2 February 2011, was used to extract the backscattering values of targets on the surface for further processing and classification, using a supervised statistic classifier of maximum likelihood for the determination of the surface classes. The average backscattering of water bodies presented high similarity, which made its separation unattainable. On the other hand, the surface classes’ bare ice and wet snow over the glacier presented distinct average backscattering values, which allowed an efficient and precise classification using only this parameter. The classification process showed satisfactory results for periglacial environments, presenting high fidelity to the field data.

Relationship between solar radiation and surface distribution of vegetation in Fildes Peninsula and Ardley Island, Maritime Antarctica

ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to produce a simplified vegetation map of ice-free areas of the Fildes Peninsula (FP) and Ardley Island (AI) thought object-oriented classification using a QuickBird satellite image and to evaluate the influence of the global solar radiation (GSR) over the vegetation distribution. The vegetation data were generated from multiresolution segmentation using the panchromatic and infrared layers, and for the classification we calculated the normalized vegetative difference index (NVDI) and the green NVDI. Two classes were created – Lichen and Moss Cushion SubFormation and Moss Subformation – with 48 vegetation samples collected on surveys during the austral summers of 2008 and 2009. We used a kappa index to evaluate the classification efficiency using 100 sampled points obtained in austral summer of 2013. The GSR was estimated, and in order to evaluate the effect of meteorological phenomena and cloudless, we measured the GSR using a net radiometer model CNR4 installed in FP between 2014 and 2016. The estimate of GSR was done for seasons of 2015, in order to estimate the light compensation point and the saturation point for the plant communities in FP and AI. The kappa index was 0.73 and the global accuracy was 0.78, showing consistency between the classification and ground truth. The area was covered by vegetation in FP was 16.7% and in AI is 59.1%. The vegetation cover is distributed differently at FP and AI, and our results suggest GSR plays an important role in vegetation distribution and these tendencies could be related to greater GSR demand by mosses when compared to lichens.

Linear Spectral Mixing Model for estimating optically active components in estuarine waters of Patos Lagoon, Brazil

ABSTRACT Understanding about type and concentration of components in large continental waterbodies is of great value to environmental studies. The synoptic view of multispectral remote-sensing images has the potential to systematically estimate important parameters like suspended solids (SS) and chlorophyll (Chl). However, measures derived directly from radiometric image data usually retrieve inaccurate estimations, preventing discrimination of the spectra and amount of specific components. This work proposes the application of Linear Spectral Mixing Model to estimate concentrations of SS and Chl in the Patos Lagoon estuary, Brazil, through Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager sensor data. The linear mixing model was applied to produce fraction images of SS, sandy bottom, and dissolved organic matter. Simple and multiple linear regressions were performed in order to produce empirical models confronting parameters measured in situ with traditional radiometric data from spectral bands and with the resulting fraction images. The proposed empirical models estimates reached concentration of SS (coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.84) and Chl (R2 = 0.77) in comparison to the data collected in situ. These results showed great potential for using Spectral Mixing Models to indirectly estimate water components by remote-sensing data.

VARIAÇÕES DA FRENTE DA GELEIRA POLAR CLUB, PENÍNSULA POTTER (ILHA REI GEORGE, ANTÁRTICA MARÍTIMA) ENTRE 1986 E 2011

Environmental changes, especially in the cryosphere, can result in large global consequences. Studies of glaciers in the Polar Regions are strategic for analyzing climate change sensitive areas. This work analyzed the glaciers front change rates of the Polar Club and compared with inter-seasonal variability of air temperature at Potter Peninsula, King George Island, in order to understand direct impact of the climate change on the local ice-free areas dynamics. We used a series of ten Landsat satellite imagery scenes and atmospheric temperature data from 1986 to 2011. The results show an increasing trend of 0.04 oC per year, which resulted in an increment of 1.03 oC in average temperatures for the 26-year analyzed period. The front of the glacier over the past 26 years showed progressive withdrawal mapped, resulting in an increase of 1.63 km2 of ice-free area at Potter Peninsula. The influences of atmospheric temperature at the glaciers retreat demonstrate delay of about one year. Despite the evidence of increased average air temperatures in recent decades in the region, the series of atmospheric temperatures alone is not sufficient to explain the variation observed for the Polar Club glacier front. These phenomena may be associated with re-accommodation of the ice sheet stresses across King George, changes in rainfall rates and climate conditions.

POTENCIAL DO WEBSIG PARA DIVULGAÇÃO DE DADOS ESPACIAIS DA PENÍNSULA POTTER, ANTÁRTICA MARÍTIMA

POLLINATOR FORAGING STRATEGY IN Galactia peduncularis (BENTH.) TAUB. (LEGUMINOSAE: PAPILIONOIDEA) IN THE PARQUE ESTADUAL DA SERRA DE CALDAS NOVAS BRAZIL The way the animals look for food is an important characteristic of their behavior. The optimal foraging theory is based on the existence of a balance between costs and benefits of these behavioral decisions. The present study aimed to evaluate the behavior of the pollinator in response to increased availability of floral resources. The experiment was conducted in a recently burned Cerrado area (Campo rupestre) in the State Park of Serra de Caldas Novas , located in the municipalities of Caldas Novas and Rio Quente Brazil. The species chosen to test our hypothesis was Galactia peduncularis (Benth.) Taub. (Leguminosae: Papilionoidea). 17 pairs of specimens were selected with a number of flowers, and the individuals of each pair were spaced by about 2m. In these pairs, one of them was considered the focal, and the other, the isolated. To test possible differences in pollination between isolated plants and focus, we performed two randomization tests: a test binary (TB), where all pairs were analyzed and verified the number of times where the focus on the individual floral visits were higher than the number of visits in isolated. According to the data analyzed, floral visitors preferred to use plants that could provide a greater amount of floral resources so that the number of visitors varied positively with the increment of flowers. Plants with many flowers can provide a greater amount of food in one location so that visitors do not need to flower around for long distances in search of meeting their energy needs.