Andréa Baraldi Cunha

The Influence of Motor Impairment on Autonomic Heart Rate Modulation among Children with Cerebral Palsy.

The study of heart rate variability is an important tool for a noninvasive evaluation of the neurocardiac integrity. The present study aims to evaluate the autonomic heart rate modulation in supine and standing positions in 12 children diagnosed with cerebral palsy and 16 children with typical motor development (control group), as well as to relate the level of motor impairment in children with cerebral palsy, as classified by to the Gross Motor Function Classification System, to the heart rate variability indices. The heart rate variability was analyzed by linear model in the frequency domain, at low and high frequency bands in normalized units and low and high frequency ratio. The results indicate that children with cerebral palsy present lower heart rate variability indices, indicating sympathovagal imbalance. The decrease of heart rate variability in children with cerebral palsy is related to the motor impairment level.

Influence of specific training on spatio-temporal parameters at the onset of goal-directed reaching in infants: a controlled trial

BACKGROUND There is evidence that long-term experience can promote functional changes in infants. However, much remains unknown about how a short-term experience affects performance of a task. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the influence of a single training session at the onset of goal-directed reaching on the spatio-temporal parameters of reaching and whether there are differences in the effects of training across different reaching positions. METHOD Thirty-three infants were divided into three groups: 1) a control group; 2) a group that was reach trained in a reclined position; and 3) a group trained in the supine position. The infants were submitted to two assessments (pre- and post-training) in two testing positions (supine and reclined at 45°). RESULTS The short-duration training sessions were effective in promoting shorter reaches in the specific position in which the training was conducted. Training in the reclined position was associated with shorter and faster reaches upon assessment in the reclined position. CONCLUSIONS A few minutes of reach training are effective in facilitating reaching behavior in infants at the onset of reaching. The improvements in reaching were specific to the position in which the infants were trained.

Differences between late preterm and full-term infants: Comparing effects of a short bout of practice on early reaching behavior

This study compared the effects of a short bout of practice on reaching behavior between late preterm and full-term infants at the onset of goal-directed reaching. Twelve late preterm infants and twelve full-term infants received reaching practice based on a serial schedule. Late preterm and full-term infants were assessed in 3.3±1.4 and 2.6±1.0 days after the onset of goal-directed reaching in two measures in a single day: immediately before practice (pre-test) and immediately after practice (post-test). During the assessments, the infants were placed in a baby chair and a rubber toy was presented at their midline within reaching distance for 2 min. Between assessments, the infants received practice of toy-oriented reaching in 3 activities repeated for approximately 4 min. The activities were elicited in a pre-established serial sequence and were applied by a physical therapist. During the pre-test, late preterm infants presented lower range of proximal adjustments, greater proportion of reaches with semi-open hand, and greater proportion of reaches without grasping than the full-term infants. During the post-test, late preterm infants presented greater motor variability of proximal adjustments, but explored and selected distal control and grasping outcomes less compared to the full-term group. Differences in reaching and gross motor behavior between late preterm and full-term infants can be found at the age of reaching onset. Practice provided new opportunities for late preterm infants to improve perception-action coupling to reach; however, relative to full-terms, they seemed less advanced in benefiting from the experience for more refined manual tasks.

Efeito de um programa de fisioterapia funcional em crianças com paralisia cerebral associado a orientações aos cuidadores: estudo preliminar

O objetivo foi verificar o efeito de um programa de fisioterapia funcional para criancas com paralisia cerebral, associado a orientacoes aos pais e/ou cuidadores; e verificar a correlacao entre as habilidades funcionais e a assistencia do cuidador, utilizando o Inventario de Avaliacao Pediatrica de Incapacidade (PEDI). Participaram quatro criancas entre 24 e 43 meses de idade, hemiplegicas, espasticas e nivel I no sistema de classificacao da funcao motora ampla (GMFCS). Foram realizadas quatro avaliacoes - uma antes do inicio do programa, as demais aos 30, 60 e 90 dias apos a primeira -, empregando-se as partes I (Habilidades funcionais) e II (Assistencia do cuidador) do PEDI. As criancas foram submetidas a sessoes de uma hora de fisioterapia funcional tres vezes por semana, durante tres meses: duas vezes a sessao era de fisioterapia com base no conceito neuroevolutivo Bobath e uma vez, treino de atividades da vida diaria. Tambem foram dadas orientacoes por escrito aos pais e/ou cuidadores quanto a assistencia a crianca, incentivando-os a pratica-la em casa. A analise dos resultados mostrou que, na ultima avaliacao, as criancas obtiveram escores significativamente maiores que na primeira. Foi verificada correlacao altamente significativa (r=1,0; p=0,083) entre as partes I e II. O programa de fisioterapia funcional associado as orientacoes aos pais e/ou cuidadores foi efetivo em melhorar o desempenho funcional de criancas nivel I com hemiplegia espastica.The purpose was to verify the effect of a functional physical therapy program on children with cerebral palsy, associated to guidance to parents and/or caregivers; and to search for correlations between the child’s functional abilities and caregivers’ assistance, by means of the Pediatric Evaluation Disability Inventory (PEDI). Four hemiplegic, spastic children between 24 and 43 months old, classified at the Gross Motor Function Classification System level I, were submitted to four evaluations, the first prior to program onset, and the others 30, 60, and 90 days after the first one. PEDI parts I (Functional abilities) and II (Caregivers’ assistance) were used. Caregivers were provided with written instructions on how to best deliver care at home. The physical therapy program consisted of three weekly 1-hour sessions for three months; two sessions were of physical therapy based on Bobath concept, and one, of daily activities training. The analysis of results showed children obtained a significantly higher score at the last assessment as compared to the first. A high, significant correlation was found between PEDI parts I and II (r=1.0; p=0.083). The functional physical therapy program associated to instructions to caregivers proved thus effective to improve the functional performance of level-I children with spastic hemiplegia.

Maturational and situational determinants of reaching at its onset

At 3 months of age, reaching behavior was measured in a group of 10 girls and 10 boys born at term. The assessments were carried out on the average 2 days after reaching onset. Reaching kinematics was measured in both supine and reclined positions. Girls reached more than boys, had straighter reaching trajectories and movements of shorter durations as well as fewer movement units. The reclined position gave rise to straighter trajectories in both girls and boys. Several anthropometric parameters were measured. Girls had less length and volume of the forearm than boys but similar upper arm volumes. There was a weak relation between kinematic and anthropometric variables.

Relação entre alinhamento postural e desempenho motor em crianças com paralisia cerebral

The purpose was to search for a correlation between postural alignment and motor performance of children with cerebral palsy (CP), and to compare them to typical development children. Twenty of these, aged 4 to 8 years old, formed the control group (CG); and 14 children with CP, aged 4 to 12 years old, were divided into two subgroups (level III, and levels IV and V) according to their classification by the Gross Motor Function Classification System. Cervical lordosis and thoracic kyphosis angles in sitting posture were assessed by photometry; motor performance was assessed at dimensions B (sitting) and D (standing) of the Gross motor function measure (GMFM). PC level III subgroup had higher GMFM scores than levels IV and V subgroup, with significant differences at the B (p=0.00) and D (p=0.016) dimensions. As to posture alignment, significantly lesser cervical lordosis angles were found at both PC subgroups when compared to control group; both subgroups also showed lesser thoracic kyphosis angles; significant differences were found when comparing CP levels IV and V subgroup both to level III subgroup and to CG. Also found was a positive correlation between motor performance and posture alignment in children with CP (r=0.748), showing that the better the postural alignment, the better the motor performance in these children.

Effects of elastic therapeutic taping on motor function in children with motor impairments: a systematic review

Abstract Background: The elastic therapeutic taping has been considered a promising resource for disabled children. Objective: To systematically review the evidence of the effects of elastic therapeutic taping on motor function in children with motor impairments. Method: Three independent evaluators conducted searches in electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, BIREME/BVS, Science Direct, SciELO, and PEDro). Clinical studies design, published until 2016, involving elastic therapeutic taping and children aged 0–12 years with motor impairments were included. The variables considered were the methodological aspects (study design, participants, outcome measurements, and experimental conditions); results presented in the studies, and also the methodological quality of studies. Results: Final selection was composed by 12 manuscripts (five randomized controlled trials), published in the last 10 years. Among them, cerebral palsy (CP) was the most recurrent disorder (n = 7), followed by congenital muscular torticollis (n = 2) and brachial plexus palsy (n = 2). Positive results were associated with taping application: improvement in the upper limb function, gross motor skills, postural control, muscular balance, and performance in the dynamics functional and daily activities. Limitations: Lower quality of the studies, clinical and population heterogeneity existed across studies. Conclusions: The elastic therapeutic taping has been shown to be a promising adjunct resource to the conventional rehabilitation in children with motor impairments. However, high methodological studies about its efficacy in this population are already scarce. Implications for Rehabilitation Elastic therapeutic taping has been shown to be a promising adjunct resource to the conventional rehabilitation in disabled children. Clinical trials have indicated improvement in the postural control and functional activities with both, upper and lower limbs, and increase in the functional independency resulting from the taping use. Randomized control trials and well-established protocols are needed to increase the confidence in applying elastic therapeutic taping to specific clinical conditions.

Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Novel Exoskeleton for an Infant With Arm Movement Impairments.

Purpose: To determine whether a novel exoskeletal device (Pediatric-Wilmington Robotic Exoskeleton [P-WREX]) is feasible and effective for intervention to improve reaching and object interaction for an infant with arm movement impairments. Methods: An 8-month old infant with arthrogryposis was followed up every 2 weeks during a 1-month baseline, 3-month intervention, and 1-month postintervention. At each visit, reaching and looking behaviors were assessed. Results: Within sessions, the infant spent more time contacting objects across a larger space, contacting objects with both hands, and looking at objects when wearing the P-WREX. Throughout intervention, the infant increased time contacting objects both with and without the device and increased bilateral active shoulder flexion. Conclusions: (1) It may be feasible for families to use exoskeletons for daily intervention, (2) exoskeletons facilitate immediate improvements in function for infants with impaired upper extremity mobility, and (3) interventions using exoskeletons can improve independent upper extremity function across time.

Prematurity may negatively impact means-end problem solving across the first two years of life

Preterm infants are at risk for delays in motor, perceptual, and cognitive development. While research has shown preterm infants may exhibit learning delays in the first months of life, these delays are commonly under-diagnosed. The purpose of this study was to longitudinally evaluate behavioral performance and learning in two means-end problem-solving tasks for 30 infants born preterm (PT) and 23 born full-term (FT). Infants were assessed at 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months-old in tasks that required towel pulling or turntable rotation to obtain a distant object. PT infants performed more non-goal-directed and less goal-directed behavior than FT infants throughout the study, resulting in a lower success rate among PT infants. PT infants showed delayed emergence of intentionality (prevalence of goal-directed behaviors) compared to FT infants in both tasks. Amount and variability of behavioral performance significantly correlated with task success differentially across age. The learning differences documented between PT and FT infants suggest means-end problem-solving tasks may be useful for the early detection of learning delays. The identification of behaviors associated with learning and success across age may be used to guide interventions aimed at advancing early learning for infants at risk.