Andrea Caligiuri

Governing International Cooperation in Criminal Matters: The Role of the aut dedere aut judicare Principle

The aim of the study is to ascertain how the original Grotian formula ‘ aut dedere aut punire ’ has been implemented and evolved in international law. The first step is to classify the multilateral conventions that have accepted an aut dedere aut judicare clause. The goal is to bring out peculiarities of the different treaty texts, describing the relationship between the two options dedere and judicare , and the different obligations that arise for the contracting states. We will then examine the content of the two options, to define the legal boundaries within which the contracting states shall or may operate. At this point, we will focus on the legal nature of the aut dedere aut judicare principle that over time may have risen to the status of customary rule. The study will conclude with analysis of reactions to the breach of the aut dedere aut judicare clause by non-complying countries.

THE APPLICATION OF THE ECHR IN THE DOMESTIC SYSTEMS

According to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), unlike classic international treaties, the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) “comprises more than mere reciprocal engagements between contracting States. It creates, over and above, a network of mutual, bilateral undertakings, objective obligations which, in the words of the Preamble, benefit from a “collective enforcement”.1 From Article 1 of the Convention, in particular, it follows that “the primary responsibility for implementing and enforcing the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Convention is laid on the national authorities”,2 and especially on national courts, whose role in making the ECHR effective in domestic legal orders is of the utmost importance.3 By ratifying the ECHR, the Contracting States undertake to ensure that their domestic legislation is compatible with it.4 So, a breach of the ECHR can result from the mere existence of a law which introduces, directs or authorizes measures incompatible with the minimum standard of protection guaranteed by the Convention. Nonetheless, in order to establish that this minimum standard has been violated, reference should be made to the manner national authorities interpret and apply in concreto the Convention. The absence of a law expressly prohibiting a violation is not sufficient in itself to establish a breach since such a prohibition does not represent the sole method of securing the enjoyment of the rights and

La parità di trattamento tra uomo e donna in materia di sicurezza sociale: profili di diritto comunitario

SOMMARIO: 1. La parità di trattamento tra uomo e donna quale principio fondamentale dell’ordinamento comunitario. – 2. Il ruolo della Corte di giustizia nell’attuazione del principio di parità di trattamento nel settore della sicurezza sociale. – 3. La parità di trattamento in materia di regimi legali di sicurezza sociale: una tutela mitigata? – 4. Problemi costituzionali concernenti l’attuazione del principio di parità di trattamento in materia di sicurezza sociale nell’ordinamento italiano.