Andréia Faraoni Freitas Setti

Saúde na Agenda de Desenvolvimento pós-2015 das Nações Unidas

This paper evaluates health as a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) in the context of the Post-2015 Development Agenda, between 2012 and 2014. Health was part of the debate since the Millennium Summit and the MDGs (2000), and it also appears in the documents discussing the Post-2015 Agenda, from the Rio+20 to the Open Working Group (OWG), whose report was submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations (UNGA) 2014-2015, and in the Global Consultation on Health and the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons reports. The Authors concluded that the treatment of health in all these documents is uniform. They point out that the scope of the health-related SDG is very comprehensive, but its targets are conceptually fragmented and reduced. They advocate their change as to include not only the idea of social determinants of health, but also targets in the field of public health, which were not included in the proposal of the OWG. They also warn that the global and national governance systems need to be reformed and advocate more participation of the civil society, which can influence diplomacy, which, in turn, will be responsible for the agreement signed at the UNGA in 2015.O artigo examina a presenca da saude como Ob-jetivo do Desenvolvimento Sustentavel (ODS) na Agenda do Desenvolvimento pos-2015, no processo transcorrido entre 2012 e 2014. Presente desde a Cupula do Milenio e os ODM (2000), a saude tambem aparece nos documentos que tratam da Agenda pos-2015, da Rio+20 ao documento do Grupo de Trabalho Aberto das Nacoes Unidas (OWG), submetido a Assembleia Geral das Nacoes Unidas (AGNU) 2014-2015, passando pela Con-sulta Global sobre Saude e o Painel de Alto Nivel de Pessoas Eminentes. Os autores concluem pela uniformidade com que a saude aparece nestes documentos. Identificam a amplitude do enunciado do ODS Saude, mas alertam para o fracionamento e reducao conceitual de suas metas. Propoem mudancas nas mesmas, acrescentando a questao dos determinantes sociais da saude e metas em saude publica, ausentes na proposta do OWG. Alertam para a necessidade de reformas na governanca global e nacional, bem como para a participacao da sociedade civil e da influencia que pode exercer sobre a diplomacia, responsavel pelo pacto que sera firmado na AGNU de 2015.

Território, intersetorialidade e escalas: requisitos para a efetividade dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável

The post-2015 development agenda highlights the incorporation of sustainability in approaches developed and/or applied to distinct fields of knowledge and action and the demonstration of the effectiveness of experiences of sustainable and healthy territories. This process results from the confrontation of different viewpoints which seek to address social production vis-a-vis their project, with the possibility of updating the hegemonic mode of production and consumption or the emergence of counter-hegemonic rationales. Health, as one of the SDGs, has the challenge of imposing an intersectorial agenda that addresses its social determinants, in a process of participative governance able to build a hierarchy of priorities based on the needs of the territory and build techno-political solutions based on the ecology of knowledge, constituting a strategic-situational and communicative management process. The consistency in formulation of the agenda and potential challenges to its implementation are analyzed, considering its intersectoriality, its strategic governance and management, and especially an assessment of its effectiveness. Moreover, it tests the evaluative tools used and their ability to analyze the consistency in the formulation of the agenda.

Climate Change and Health: Governance Mechanisms in Traditional Communities of Mosaico Bocaina/Brazil

This chapter addresses socio-environmental challenges, health and traditional communities in the context of climate change. The study regards a protected area, the so-called Mosaico Bocaina, in the municipalities of Angra dos Reis and Paraty, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and Ubatuba, in the state of Sao Paulo, where traditional communities from three different ethnic groups live (indigenous, quilombolas and caicaras). The knowledge of nature and of the physics of climate change (including its causes, consequences and characteristics) isn’t always accompanied by the understanding and science of how climate change affects the well-being and health of populations. The analysis of the public policies and science production for the field concluded that the situation for the region in question is no different from that of other regions in Latin America: (1) public policies have not become effective interventions against climate change in general, and the interest in its implications over the health of populations is recent; (2) the science of climate change is insufficient, especially regarding its effects over the health of populations, whether in this specific region or more encompassing scales; (3) there is no information on how traditional communities perceive climate change, their impacts on health and well-being and tackling strategies. This chapter seeks to contribute to the knowledge of the impacts of climate change on the health and well-being of traditional communities, focusing on the governance tools required to address it. What strategies have traditional communities been using to deal with it? How does the official agenda of efforts reflect the socio-cultural perceptions and mitigation and survival strategies of traditional communities? Qualitative methods of participant observation that combined participation, observation, informal open interviews and analysis of documents were employed. The results generated territorialized knowledge in the social, economic, political and cultural dimensions of climate change and their implications on the health and well-being of traditional communities, as well as allowed the identification of governance mechanisms and socio-cultural strategies that can be used to mitigate, adapt to and help avoiding climate change.

Territorial Solutions, Governance and Climate Change: Ecological Sanitation at Praia do Sono, Paraty, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The area comprised of the so-called Mosaico Bocaina is highly environmentally vulnerable due to real estate speculation, large construction projects and conventional tourism, which put forth an unequal, predatory form of development. The current context of climate change and water crisis in Brazil (particularly in the Southeast) amplifies the vulnerability of traditional and coastal communities. Therefore, the development of participatory alternatives to promote equity is fundamental to address territorial needs, thus generating solutions that consider the local context and traditional knowledge and increasing the resilience of affected communities. Based on the fact that sanitation was considered a priority for Praia do Sono—and through an approach that not only combines permaculture, education and sanitary engineering, but also establishes a dialogue between academia, local community and public managers—the Observatory of Sustainable and Healthy Territories, a partnership between the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), the National Health Foundation (FUNASA) and the Forum of Traditional Communities (FCT) has developed comprehensive social technologies. Raisin awareness in the community aims at the fully incorporating of the proposed solution in a future step. This chapter systemizes the process (from the prioritization to the establishment/implementation of the technological solutions adopted) and analyzes its potential for producing autonomy, equity and sustainability, providing social technologies with the potential to empower communities to provide solutions to mitigate environmental impacts and increase the resilience to climate change.

Health in the post-2015 United Nations Development Agenda

This paper evaluates health as a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) in the context of the Post-2015 Development Agenda, between 2012 and 2014. Health was part of the debate since the Millennium Summit and the MDGs (2000), and it also appears in the documents discussing the Post-2015 Agenda, from the Rio+20 to the Open Working Group (OWG), whose report was submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations (UNGA) 2014-2015, and in the Global Consultation on Health and the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons reports. The Authors concluded that the treatment of health in all these documents is uniform. They point out that the scope of the health-related SDG is very comprehensive, but its targets are conceptually fragmented and reduced. They advocate their change as to include not only the idea of social determinants of health, but also targets in the field of public health, which were not included in the proposal of the OWG. They also warn that the global and national governance systems need to be reformed and advocate more participation of the civil society, which can influence diplomacy, which, in turn, will be responsible for the agreement signed at the UNGA in 2015.O artigo examina a presenca da saude como Ob-jetivo do Desenvolvimento Sustentavel (ODS) na Agenda do Desenvolvimento pos-2015, no processo transcorrido entre 2012 e 2014. Presente desde a Cupula do Milenio e os ODM (2000), a saude tambem aparece nos documentos que tratam da Agenda pos-2015, da Rio+20 ao documento do Grupo de Trabalho Aberto das Nacoes Unidas (OWG), submetido a Assembleia Geral das Nacoes Unidas (AGNU) 2014-2015, passando pela Con-sulta Global sobre Saude e o Painel de Alto Nivel de Pessoas Eminentes. Os autores concluem pela uniformidade com que a saude aparece nestes documentos. Identificam a amplitude do enunciado do ODS Saude, mas alertam para o fracionamento e reducao conceitual de suas metas. Propoem mudancas nas mesmas, acrescentando a questao dos determinantes sociais da saude e metas em saude publica, ausentes na proposta do OWG. Alertam para a necessidade de reformas na governanca global e nacional, bem como para a participacao da sociedade civil e da influencia que pode exercer sobre a diplomacia, responsavel pelo pacto que sera firmado na AGNU de 2015.

How Can the Healthy Municipalities, Cities and Communities Strategy Advance the Sustainable Development Goals Agenda? Lessons from Agenda 21 and the MDGs in Brazil

Since the 1980s, the Healthy Municipalities, Cities and Communities Strategy (HMC) seek to advance health promotion processes and practices and to improve quality of life in the countries of the Americas. Its core pillars include developing healthy public policies and strengthening social participation and intersectoral collaboration, with a strong emphasis on good governance and sustainability in order to promote structural and systematic changes for the social production of health. Recently, the importance of investing in Healthy Municipalities, Cities and Communities has been emphasized as key for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SGD). Healthy Cities was also highlighted as a central theme in the 9th Global Conference on Health Promotion, organized by the World Health Organization (WHO 2017). Local level action, spearheaded under the HMC framework, that seek to promote health equity and integral public policies have the potential to link national and international agendas, such as the SDG, based on the real needs of the territory and its population. Brazilian municipalities have developed rich experiences with the implementation of Agenda 21 and the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) over the past few decades. These experiences can form the basis to reflect upon how to advance the SDG agenda by incorporating it into local agendas through a Healthy and Sustainable Municipalities, Cities and Communities Strategy. Networks of HMC, that are present throughout the American continent, can play a key role in this process for its capillarity and potential to mobilize actors at various levels of action. They can also be strategic to promote capacity building and education process to strengthen communities’ ability to promote sustainable actions. This chapter will include a revision of the lessons learned from the experience of Brazilian municipalities with the implementation of Agenda 21 and the MDG as well as a reflection on the role of networks to promote the SDG agenda. It will finalize with recommendations on how to advance the SDG agenda in local agendas as part of the HMC strategy.

Education for Sustainable Development in Brazil: Challenges for Inclusive, Differentiated and Multicultural Education

Economic progress has been noteworthy in almost all fields in the last 70 years. However, the unsustainable use of non renewable resources, the destruction of biological diversity, and greenhouse gas emissions accelerated the environmental crisis and highlighted social inequalities. The accountability over this civilizational crisis is diffuse, but environmental education in Brazil is mostly focused on those who cause the least environmental damage. This chapter analyses the interactions between the determinants of the current environmental crisis and the contribution of education to sustainable development, critically considering the sustainability of the current means of production and consumption and as a strategy for the promotion of autonomy and equity in the Brazilian reality. A qualitative methodology was used to understand a movement in environmental education based on the critical analysis of the sustainability of the means of production and consumption. For such, documents, laws, and texts were analyzed to approach three important aspects, not intending to exhaust the issue. The first aspect is the original, foundational, and practical constitution of environmental education. The second is about understanding the challenges of institutionalizing environmental education in the Brazilian context. The third has to do with the paths of political action to be carried out to attain the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

La salud en la Agenda de Desarrollo post 2015 de las Naciones Unidas

This paper evaluates health as a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) in the context of the Post-2015 Development Agenda, between 2012 and 2014. Health was part of the debate since the Millennium Summit and the MDGs (2000), and it also appears in the documents discussing the Post-2015 Agenda, from the Rio+20 to the Open Working Group (OWG), whose report was submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations (UNGA) 2014-2015, and in the Global Consultation on Health and the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons reports. The Authors concluded that the treatment of health in all these documents is uniform. They point out that the scope of the health-related SDG is very comprehensive, but its targets are conceptually fragmented and reduced. They advocate their change as to include not only the idea of social determinants of health, but also targets in the field of public health, which were not included in the proposal of the OWG. They also warn that the global and national governance systems need to be reformed and advocate more participation of the civil society, which can influence diplomacy, which, in turn, will be responsible for the agreement signed at the UNGA in 2015.O artigo examina a presenca da saude como Ob-jetivo do Desenvolvimento Sustentavel (ODS) na Agenda do Desenvolvimento pos-2015, no processo transcorrido entre 2012 e 2014. Presente desde a Cupula do Milenio e os ODM (2000), a saude tambem aparece nos documentos que tratam da Agenda pos-2015, da Rio+20 ao documento do Grupo de Trabalho Aberto das Nacoes Unidas (OWG), submetido a Assembleia Geral das Nacoes Unidas (AGNU) 2014-2015, passando pela Con-sulta Global sobre Saude e o Painel de Alto Nivel de Pessoas Eminentes. Os autores concluem pela uniformidade com que a saude aparece nestes documentos. Identificam a amplitude do enunciado do ODS Saude, mas alertam para o fracionamento e reducao conceitual de suas metas. Propoem mudancas nas mesmas, acrescentando a questao dos determinantes sociais da saude e metas em saude publica, ausentes na proposta do OWG. Alertam para a necessidade de reformas na governanca global e nacional, bem como para a participacao da sociedade civil e da influencia que pode exercer sobre a diplomacia, responsavel pelo pacto que sera firmado na AGNU de 2015.