Andrew A. Kulpecz

Eocene–Oligocene global climate and sea-level changes: St. Stephens Quarry, Alabama

We integrate upper Eocene–lower Oligocene lithostratigraphic, magnetostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, stable isotopic, benthic foraminiferal faunal, downhole log, and sequence stratigraphic studies from the Alabama St. Stephens Quarry (SSQ) core hole, linking global ice volume, sea level, and temperature changes through the greenhouse to icehouse transition of the Cenozoic. We show that the SSQ succession is dissected by hiatuses associated with sequence boundaries. Three previously reported sequence boundaries are well dated here: North Twistwood Creek–Cocoa (35.4–35.9 Ma), Mint Spring– Red Bluff (33.0 Ma), and Bucatunna-Chickasawhay (the mid-Oligocene fall, ca. 30.2 Ma). In addition, we document three previously undetected or controversial sequences: midPachuta (33.9–35.0 Ma), Shubuta-Bumpnose (lowermost Oligocene, ca. 33.6 Ma), and Byram-Glendon (30.5–31.7 Ma). An ~0.9‰ δ 18 O increase in the SSQ core hole is correlated to the global earliest Oligocene (Oi1) event using magnetobiostratigraphy; this increase is associated with the ShubutaBumpnose contact, an erosional surface, and a biofacies shift in the core hole, providing a fi rst-order correlation between ice growth and a sequence boundary that indicates a sea-level fall. The δ 18 O increase is associated with a eustatic fall of ~55 m, indicating that ~0.4‰ of the increase at Oi1 time was due to temperature. Maximum δ 18 O values of Oi1 occur above the sequence boundary, requiring that deposition resumed during the lowest eustatic lowstand. A precursor δ 18 O increase of 0.5‰ (33.8 Ma, mid-chron C13r) at SSQ correlates with a 0.5‰ increase in the deep Pacifi c Ocean; the lack of evidence for a sea-level change with the precursor suggests that this was primarily a cooling event, not an ice-volume event. Eocene–Oligocene shelf water temperatures of ~17–19 °C at SSQ are similar to modern values for 100 m water depth in this region. Our study establishes the relationships among ice volume, δ 18 O, and sequences: a latest Eocene cooling event was followed by an earliest Oligocene ice volume and cooling event that lowered sea level and formed a sequence boundary during the early stages of eustatic fall.

Deep Drilling into the Chesapeake Bay Impact Structure

Samples from a 1.76-kilometer-deep corehole drilled near the center of the late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure (Virginia, USA) reveal its geologic, hydrologic, and biologic history. We conducted stratigraphic and petrologic analyses of the cores to elucidate the timing and results of impact-melt creation and distribution, transient-cavity collapse, and ocean-water resurge. Comparison of post-impact sedimentary sequences inside and outside the structure indicates that compaction of the crater fill influenced long-term sedimentation patterns in the mid-Atlantic region. Salty connate water of the target remains in the crater fill today, where it poses a potential threat to the regional groundwater resource. Observed depth variations in microbial abundance indicate a complex history of impact-related thermal sterilization and habitat modification, and subsequent post-impact repopulation.

Impact effects and regional tectonic insights: Backstripping the Chesapeake Bay impact structure

The Chesapeake Bay impact structure is a ca. 35.4 Ma crater located on the eastern sea- board of North America. Deposition returned to normal shortly after impact, resulting in a unique record of both impact-related and subsequent passive margin sedimentation. We use backstripping to show that the impact strongly affected sedimentation for 7 m.y. through impact-derived crustal-scale tectonics, dominated by the effects of sediment compaction and the introduction and subsequent removal of a negative thermal anomaly instead of the expected positive thermal anomaly. After this, the area was dominated by passive margin thermal sub- sidence overprinted by periods of regional-scale vertical tectonic events, on the order of tens of meters. Loading due to prograding sediment bodies may have generated these events.