Andrew Fraass
University of Massachusetts Amherst
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Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems | 2012
Michael Manga; Matthew J. Hornbach; Anne Le Friant; Osamu Ishizuka; Nicole A. Stroncik; Tatsuya Adachi; Mohammed Aljahdali; Georges Boudon; Christoph Breitkreuz; Andrew Fraass; Akihiko Fujinawa; Robert G. Hatfield; Martin Jutzeler; Kyoko S. Kataoka; Sara Lafuerza; Fukashi Maeno; Michael Martinez-Colon; Molly McCanta; Sally Morgan; Martin R. Palmer; Takeshi Saito; Angela L. Slagle; Adam J. Stinton; K. S. V. Subramanyam; Yoshihiko Tamura; Peter J. Talling; Benoît Villemant; Deborah Wall-Palmer; Fei Wang
Using temperature gradients measured in 10 holes at 6 sites, we generate the first high fidelity heat flow measurements from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program drill holes across the northern and central Lesser Antilles arc and back arc Grenada basin. The implied heat flow, after correcting for bathymetry and sedimentation effects, ranges from about 0.1 W/m2 on the crest of the arc, midway between the volcanic islands of Montserrat and Guadeloupe, to 15 km from the crest in the back arc direction. Combined with previous measurements, we find that the magnitude and spatial pattern of heat flow are similar to those at continental arcs. The heat flow in the Grenada basin to the west of the active arc is 0.06 W/m2, a factor of 2 lower than that found in the previous and most recent study. There is no thermal evidence for significant shallow fluid advection at any of these sites. Present-day volcanism is confined to the region with the highest heat flow.
Nature | 2013
Shanan E. Peters; Daniel C. Kelly; Andrew Fraass
Understanding the links between long-term biological evolution, the ocean–atmosphere system and plate tectonics is a central goal of Earth science. Although environmental perturbations of many different kinds are known to have affected long-term biological evolution, particularly during major mass extinction events, the relative importance of physical environmental factors versus biological interactions in governing rates of extinction and origination through geological time remains unknown. Here we use macrostratigraphic data from the Atlantic Ocean basin to show that changes in global species diversity and rates of extinction among planktonic foraminifera have been linked to tectonically and climatically forced changes in ocean circulation and chemistry from the Jurassic period to the present. Transient environmental perturbations, such as those that occurred after the asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous period approximately 66 million years ago, and the Eocene/Oligocene greenhouse–icehouse transition approximately 34 million years ago, are superimposed on this general long-term relationship. Rates of species origination, by contrast, are not correlated with corresponding macrostratigraphic quantities, indicating that physiochemical changes in the ocean–atmosphere system affect evolution principally by driving the synchronous extinction of lineages that originated owing to more protracted and complex interactions between biological and environmental factors.
Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems | 2014
Deborah Wall-Palmer; Maya Coussens; Peter J. Talling; Martin Jutzeler; Michael Cassidy; Isabelle Marchant; Martin R. Palmer; S.F.L. Watt; Christopher W. Smart; Jodie K. Fisher; Malcolm B. Hart; Andrew Fraass; J. Trofimovs; Anne Le Friant; Osamu Ishizuka; Tatsuya Adachi; Mohammed Aljahdali; Georges Boudon; Christoph Breitkreuz; Daisuke Endo; Akihiko Fujinawa; Robert G. Hatfield; Matthew J. Hornbach; Kyoko S. Kataoka; Sara Lafuerza; Fukashi Maeno; Michael Manga; Michael Martinez-Colon; Molly McCanta; Sally Morgan
Marine sediments around volcanic islands contain an archive of volcaniclastic deposits, which can be used to reconstruct the volcanic history of an area. Such records hold many advantages over often incomplete terrestrial data sets. This includes the potential for precise and continuous dating of intervening sediment packages, which allow a correlatable and temporally constrained stratigraphic framework to be constructed across multiple marine sediment cores. Here we discuss a marine record of eruptive and mass-wasting events spanning ∼250 ka offshore of Montserrat, using new data from IODP Expedition 340, as well as previously collected cores. By using a combination of high-resolution oxygen isotope stratigraphy, AMS radiocarbon dating, biostratigraphy of foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils, and clast componentry, we identify five major events at Soufriere Hills volcano since 250 ka. Lateral correlations of these events across sediment cores collected offshore of the south and south west of Montserrat have improved our understanding of the timing, extent and associations between events in this area. Correlations reveal that powerful and potentially erosive density-currents traveled at least 33 km offshore and demonstrate that marine deposits, produced by eruption-fed and mass-wasting events on volcanic islands, are heterogeneous in their spatial distribution. Thus, multiple drilling/coring sites are needed to reconstruct the full chronostratigraphy of volcanic islands. This multidisciplinary study will be vital to interpreting the chaotic records of submarine landslides at other sites drilled during Expedition 340 and provides a framework that can be applied to the stratigraphic analysis of sediments surrounding other volcanic islands.
Journal of Geophysical Research | 2015
Matthew J. Hornbach; Michael Manga; Michael Genecov; Robert Valdez; Peter Miller; Demian M. Saffer; Esther Adelstein; Sara Lafuerza; Tatsuya Adachi; Christoph Breitkreuz; Martin Jutzeler; Anne Le Friant; Osamu Ishizuka; Sally Morgan; Angela L. Slagle; Peter J. Talling; Andrew Fraass; S.F.L. Watt; Nicole A. Stroncik; Mohammed Aljahdali; Georges Boudon; Akihiko Fujinawa; Robert G. Hatfield; Kyoko S. Kataoka; Fukashi Maeno; Michael Martinez-Colon; Molly McCanta; Martin R. Palmer; Adam J. Stinton; K. S. V. Subramanyam
Recent studies hypothesize that some submarine slides fail via pressure-driven slow-slip deformation. To test this hypothesis, this study derives pore pressures in failed and adjacent unfailed deep marine sediments by integrating rock physics models, physical property measurements on recovered sediment core, and wireline logs. Two drill sites (U1394 and U1399) drilled through interpreted slide debris; a third (U1395) drilled into normal marine sediment. Near-hydrostatic fluid pressure exists in sediments at site U1395. In contrast, results at both sites U1394 and U1399 indicate elevated pore fluid pressures in some sediment. We suggest that high pore pressure at the base of a submarine slide deposit at site U1394 results from slide shearing. High pore pressure exists throughout much of site U1399, and Mohr circle analysis suggests that only slight changes in the stress regime will trigger motion. Consolidation tests and permeability measurements indicate moderately low (~10−16–10−17 m2) permeability and overconsolidation in fine-grained slide debris, implying that these sediments act as seals. Three mechanisms, in isolation or in combination, may produce the observed elevated pore fluid pressures at site U1399: (1) rapid sedimentation, (2) lateral fluid flow, and (3) shearing that causes sediments to contract, increasing pore pressure. Our preferred hypothesis is this third mechanism because it explains both elevated fluid pressure and sediment overconsolidation without requiring high sedimentation rates. Our combined analysis of subsurface pore pressures, drilling data, and regional seismic images indicates that slope failure offshore Martinique is perhaps an ongoing, creep-like process where small stress changes trigger motion.
Archive | 2012
A. Le Friant; Osamu Ishizuka; Nicole A. Stroncik; Angela L. Slagle; Sally Morgan; Tatsuya Adachi; Mohammed Aljahdali; Georges Boudon; Christoph Breitkreuz; Daisuke Endo; Andrew Fraass; Akihiko Fujinawa; Robert G. Hatfield; Matt Hornbach; Martin Jutzeler; Kyoko S. Kataoka; Sl Colas; Fukashi Maeno; Michael Manga; Michael Martinez-Colon; Molly McCanta; J McManus; Palmer; Takeshi Saito; Adam J. Stinton; K. S. V. Subramanyam; Peter J. Talling; Yoshihiko Tamura; B. Villemant; Deborah Wall-Palmer
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences | 2015
Andrew Fraass; D. Clay Kelly; Shanan E. Peters
Stratigraphy | 2016
Andrew Fraass; Deborah Wall-Palmer; R. Mark Leckie; Robert G. Hatfield; Stephen J. Burns; Anne Le Friant; Osamu Ishizuka; Mohammed Aljahdali; Martin Jutzeler; Michael Martinez-Colon; Martin R. Palmer; Peter J. Talling
Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication | 2017
Renata Moura De Mello; R. Mark Leckie; Andrew Fraass; Ellen Thomas
GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017 | 2017
Andrew Fraass; R. Mark Leckie; Christopher M. Lowery; Robert Michael Deconto
GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016 | 2016
Andrew Fraass; R. Mark Leckie; Robert Michael Deconto; Chelsea McQuaid
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National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
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