Andrew Walters

Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Intuitive Interaction Based on Image Schemas

Intuitive interaction is an important aspect of usability in interface design. This paper contributes to the research in this area by proposing a conceptual framework for evaluating intuitive interaction based on image schemas. The framework comprises four phases: goal identification, image schemas extraction, analysis and assessment. It quantifies intuitive interaction by comparing the image schemas envisaged by the designer of a product with those used by its users. The proposed framework is evaluated through a study involving 42 participants completing a set task with a product. The study identified the image schemas, which were correctly used in accordance with the designers intent and those that were incorrectly used and contributed to the difficulties that many participants experienced. The inter-rater reliability and empirical validity were examined. The proposed framework provides a structured approach to usability testing by enabling both quantitative and qualitative evaluation of intuitive interaction.

Challenges in Managing the Convergence of Information and Product Design Technology in a Small Company

In a manufacturing environment, product development technologies have the potential to be a central tool in the organisation of administrative and manufacturing tasks. Such integration of technology and information presents a strategic avenue for creating efficiencies in the development of highly complex products. This paper examines the implementation of a sophisticated CAD package in a small company that produces luxury motor yachts. The strategic aim was to bring the 1000+ components into the CAD environment, supporting each component with procurement information. The intention was that this would lead to: reduced design cycle times through the development of parts libraries; improved efficiencies in planning boat-building; and, reduced manufacturing cycle times through improved drawings with relevant supporting information. In a small commercial environment such strategic development presents a challenging task. In implementing the system, the researcher was presented with resistance to change; difficulties in managing the expectations of non-technologically driven management; and, difficulties with balancing the development of the strategic goals with pressures for commercial output. The research is based on a two-year structured partnership between the university department and the company. The department has run over twenty such partnerships with different companies and found them to be effective mechanisms for gaining insight into technology management issues. This case study highlights the difficulties that can arise when ambitious technology implementation plans, that impact on various business functions, are developed in an active commercial environment with limited labour resources.

Towards the development of an advanced manufacturing technology implementation tool for small companies

This paper describes the development of a concept for an Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) implementation tool that specifically addresses small company requirements. The tool is produced in response to the implementation experiences of twelve small companies and recognises that such companies do not have access to the sophisticated investment decision making processes available to large companies. In working towards the development of this tool, this paper covers the benefits that the case-study companies have achieved as a result of AMT and talks about the barriers that these companies have had to overcome to access such benefits. The critical factors that informed the development of the implementation tool were drawn from this analysis of positive and negative impacts.

Creating a Tool for Measuring the Social Value of Design

Abstract Social value has been measured for many years predominantly for values created by NGOs, social enterprises, social ventures, and social programmes. However, because ‘value’ is a highly subjective concept that often has ‘soft’ outcomes, it is challenging to find a measurement tool which satisfies all parties involved in social value creation, especially in the commercial sector. In this complex environment, a viable means of measuring the social value of design will enable organisations to use design more effectively to increase their societal contribution and competitiveness. This research aims to identify key considerations to produce a guideline which can be used to create desirable tools for measuring social value of design, by conducting in-depth interviews with companies and two workshops with postgraduate students and professionals from a range of backgrounds. It is recommended that the tool should have three levels: (i) an overview with a qualitative approach, (ii) a financial level with a quantitative approach, and (iii) a balanced level with both a qualitative and a quantitative approach.

Mapping Design for Innovation Policy in Wales and Scotland

Abstract In 2014, design featured in 15 of the 28 European Member States’ innovation policies. Design strategies were in operation in Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France and Latvia. The European Commission has also developed an Action Plan for Design-driven Innovation. While design is gathering momentum as a driver of innovation in EU and national policy, there is a gap at regional levels. In Wales and Scotland there is infrastructure to support enterprises to use design, so arguably there is an opportunity for them to lead the regional design policy agenda in Europe. However, this raises the question of how to develop effective policies for design. Innovation policy is based on analysis of the Innovation Ecosystem; can the concept of Design Innovation Ecosystems be useful for design policy development? Through four Design Policy Workshops and surveys in Wales and Scotland, this paper presents the concept of Design Innovation Ecosystems as an approach to inform policymaking for design-driven innovation.