Anima Nanda

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Staphylococcus aureus and its antimicrobial activity against MRSA and MRSE

UNLABELLED Silver bionanoparticles (AgNPs) have been known to have inhibitory and bactericidal effects. Resistance to antimicrobial agents by pathogenic bacteria has emerged in recent years and is a major health problem. This report focuses on the synthesis of metallic bionanoparticles of silver using a reduction of aqueous Ag+ ion with the culture supernatants of Staphylococcus aureus. The bioreduction of the Ag+ ions in the solution was monitored in the aqueous component and the spectrum of the solution measured through ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and characterized by atomic force microscopy. The AgNPs were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against different pathogenic organisms. The most sensitive antimicrobial activity has been observed against methicillin-resistant S. aureus followed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes, whereas only moderate antimicrobial activity was seen against Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Silver bionanoparticles (AgNPs) were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against different pathogenic organisms. The most sensitive antimicrobial activity has been observed against methicillin-resistant S. aureus followed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes, whereas only moderate antimicrobial activity was seen against Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Extracellular synthesis of silver bionanoparticles from Aspergillus clavatus and its antimicrobial activity against MRSA and MRSE.

New enzymatic approaches using bacteria and fungi for the synthesis of nanoparticles in both intra- and extracellular are playing an advanced key role in pharmacotherapeutics. In the present study we have reported on the use of fungus Aspergillus clavatus for the extracellular synthesis of bionanoparticles from silver nitrate (AgNO(3)) solution. The bionanoscale particles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and FTIR. The synthesized bionanoscale particle showed a maximum absorption in the visible region of 420 nm. The AFM study of bionanoscale particle ranged in the size of 550-650 nm. The analysis was carried out by TLC and FTIR to identify the biomolecules responsible for the bioreduction of silver ion and capping of the bioreduced silver nanoparticles. The present study analyzes the antimicrobial activity of the silver nanoparticles synthesized from A. clavatus against MRSA and MRSE, which showed the maximum activity against MRSA, followed by MRSE.

Airborne fungal spores in an industrial area: seasonal and diurnal periodicity

Qualitative and quantitative studies of atmospheric fungal spores at a chloralkali factory, Jayashree Chemicals. were made during 1993 employing culture plate and rotorod methods. A total of 57 sporulating fungal types, including three sterile mycelial forms, were recorded by the culture plate method and 51 spore types, including the hyphal fragments and unidentified spores, were recorded by the rotorod method. As to the seasonal variation, winter was found to be the greatest contributor of fungal spores as compared to the summer and rainy season. Instead, when considering the hour of the day, the peak number of fungal propagules was recorded at noon (12.00 h) followed by evening and morning values, an exception being recorded in winter months, when maximum CFUs ofCladosporium were monitored in the morning. The seasonal variation in fungal concentration and composition was found to be influenced by temperature, rainfall and relative humidity, whereas diurnal incidence was the effect of varying temperature and relative humidity during day time only. Moderate temperature and relative humidity favoured the maximum fungal spore load in the atmosphere.Cladosporium, Nigrospora, Alternaria, Lasiodiplodia, Drechslera, Pestalotia, Curvularia, Epicoccum, Aspergillus, Penicillium andChaetomium were the commonest fungal spores in the factory area.

In vitro study of the antibacterial and anticancer activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Penicillium brevicompactum (MTCC-1999)

Abstract Among the most promising nanomaterials, metallic nanoparticles with antibacterial and antitumor properties are expected to open new avenues to fight and prevent various tumours and infectious diseases. The study of bactericidal nanomaterial is particularly timely considering the recent increase in new resistant strains of bacteria to the most potent antibiotics and the potential role of bactericidal nanomaterial as anticancer agents. This has promoted the research of the well-known activity of silver ions and silver-based compounds, including silver nanoparticles. The present work is the study of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Penicillium brevicompactum (MTCC-1999). The colour of the cell filtrate changes to dark brown upon addition of 1 mM AgNO3, suggesting the formation of silver nanoparticles. These silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were characterized and analyzed by UV–vis spectrophotometric analysis, which showed a peak of absorbance at 420 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed amines and amides that are responsible for the stabilization of AgNPs. To determine the particle size, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis was used, which showed that the nanoparticles are spherical and are 30–50 nm in size. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) showed that AgNPs were well dispersed, spherical, and well within the range of 40–50 nm. These nanoparticles displayed good antibacterial activity and also increased the antibiotic activity of gatifloxacin, tetracycline, and vancomycin. These nanoparticles were further studied for their anticancer activity and showed high toxicity towards the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.

Biochemical Synthesis Of Silver Nanoprticles Using Filamentous Fungi Penicillium Decumbens (MTCC-2494) And Its Efficacy Against A-549 Lung Cancer Cell Line

Biosynthesis of silver and other metallic nanoparticles is one of the emerging research area in the field of science and technology due to their potentiality, especially in the field of nano-biotechnology and biomedical sciences in order to develop nanomedicine. In our present study, Penicillium decumbens (MTCC-2494) was brought from Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH) Chandigarh and employed for extracellular biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Ag-NPs formation was appeared with a dark brown color inside the conical flask. Characterization of Ag-NPs were done by UV-Spectrophotometric analysis which showed absorption peak at 430 nm determines the presence of nanoparticles, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis, showed amines and amides are the possible proteins involved in the stabilization of nanoparticles as capping agent. Atomic force Microscopy (AFM) confirmed the particle are spherical, size was around 30 to 60 nm and also the roughness of nanoparticles. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed the topology of the nanoparticles and were spherical in shape. The biosynthesis process was found fast, ecofriendly and cost effective. Nano-silver particle was found to have a broad antimicrobial activity and also it showed good enhancement of antimicrobial activity of Carbenicillin, Piperacillin, Cefixime, Amoxicillin, Ofloxacin and Sparfloxacin in a synergistic mode. These Ag-NPs showed good anti-cancer activity at 80 μg·mL(-1)upon 24 hours of incubation and toxicity increases upon 48 hours of incubation against A-549 human lung cancer cell line and the synergistic formulation of the antibiotic with the synthesized nanoparticles was found more effective against the pathogenic bacteria studied.

Implementation of Penicillium sp. as Raw Material for Synthesizing Metal Nanoparticles for Antibiosis

Silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have been known to have inhibitory and bactericidal effects. Resistance to antimicrobial agents by pathogenic bacteria has emerged in recent years and is a major health problem. The ability of some microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi to control the synthesis of metallic Nanoparticles should be employed in the search for new materials. The present work is the study of biosynthesis of silver Nanoparticles synthesized from different Penicillium spp. The Penicillium species were identified by employing microscopic methods and laboratory manuals. The Nanoparticles synthesis was done by extracellular and intracellular methods. The silver Nanoparticles formed were characterized by Uv-vis spectrophotometer followed by TEM analysis. The maximum absorbance 410nm confirmed the formation of silver Nanoparticles and TEM revealed the particle size in the range of 30-40nm, which after confirmation was checked for its antibacterial activity against selected microbial pathogens like Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The Nanoparticles synthesized by Penicillium species showed a well anti microbial activity that was further compared with different antibiotics to check the Nanoparticles activity which can be substituted in place of high dose antibiotics.

Lactobacillus delbrueckii mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their evaluation of antibacterial efficacy against MDR clinical pathogens

The development of reliable and eco-friendly biosynthetic process of silver nanoparticles acts as a vital role in the field of nano-biotechnology today. The present investigation reported that extracellular rapid biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using Lactobacillus delbrueckii isolated from probiotic curd. The characterization of nanoparticles were carried out by UV- visible spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), X-ray diffraction Analysis (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). FTIR characterization was made for the analysis of reducing protein used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. SEM analysis was confirmed that nanoparticles size in range of 54.3 nm to 112.7 nm. The present analysis authenticate that biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles played a potential role in significant higher antimicrobial efficacy against multi drug resistant Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus.

Assessing the Adhesion Properties of Isolated Probiotic Bacillus subtilis to Human Colonic Epithelial Cells

Key criterion for selection of a Probiotic should have the adherence property of bacteria to human epithelial cells and mucosal surface. In this study we assess the adhesion property of selected indigenous probiotic Bacillus subtilis strain by the ability to adhere to human epithelial cells. (Yudhishtir, et, al. 2010) Bacillus subtilis is isolated from fermented plant beverage type coconut toddy, among 137 organisms Bacillus subtilis showed good probiotic characteristics further to its characterization its studied for its adhesion property to human epithelial cells. Colonization potential is tested by using CaCo2 and HT29 colonic adenocarcinomal human intestinal epithelial cell lines. Bacillus subtilis strain that adhered to prescribed cell lines was also examined by plating in to the suitable medium by plating them after trypsinization. This colony shows that the isolated Bacillus subtilis has their ability to adhere to epithelial cells and thus this could have better prospects to colonize the gut with extended transit.

Comparative Analysis of Antibiotic Effect of AgNO3 and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Penicillium fellutanum

The proposed study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles by using filamentous fungus Penicillium fellutanum. From the ancient period, silver has been used against microorganisms due to its own antibacterial properties. The fungal culture of Penicillium fellutanum was isolated from the soil samples of Sathyabama University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The fungal isolates were inoculated in culture medium and incubated at room temperature for three days and the culture filtrate was separated and divided into two parts. One part of the culture filtrate was mixed with equal volume of 1mM silver nitrate [AgNO3,(1 mM)] and agitated at room temperature in dark condition. And the second half was kept as such. In the other hand only 1mM silver nitrate was added into the equal volume of Milli Q water and one half was plain Milli Q water. All the four samples were tested against pathogens like Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and the results were compared. Proteus vulgaris showed the highest zone where E coli showed the least zone of inhibition, in the culture filtrate added with silver nitrate. The cell filtrate on treatment with silver nitrate and prior incubation were observed for change in color and characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer which detected AgNPs in the solution. The maximum absorbance 410nm confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles. Size and morphology of silver nanoparticle were investigated using Atomic Force microscopy (AFM). The silver Nanoparticles after confirmation were checked for its antibacterial activity against selected pathogenic bacteria. The biologically synthesized Nanoparticles from Penicillium fellutanum showed the good inhibitory effect against the selected pathogens, which would be the novel remedy substituent in the place of high dose antibiotics.

Prevalence of Aero-Allergenic Micro Fungi in Extra & Intramural Environments of a Saw Mill in Pondicherry City, India

Prevalence of airborne fungal spores with their seasonal periodicity in the extra and intramural environments of a saw mill of Pondicherry region was carried out by gravitation method from January 2011 to December 2011. Composition and concentration of fungal spores considerably varied from indoors to outdoors as well as from season to season. Indoor air harbored maximum fungal spores (61%) in comparison to outdoor air (39%). Occurrence of fungal species was predominated with more number of propagules during mid winter (December) and early rainy (July) periods in comparison to other months. Quantitatively, Cladosporium was found with the highest frequency and had four members i.e., C. cladosporioides, C. herbarum, C. resinae, C. sphaerospermum but qualitatively, Penicilli and aspegilii were isolated highest in its contribution to total CFUs. Out of the 32 isolated fungal taxa, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Alternaria alternata were the predominant aeroallergens which cause different types of respiratory/lung diseases in atopic human beings were isolated. In seasonal periodicity, winter contributed the maximum spore load (41%) followed by rainy (33%), summer was found with the least (26%) in harboring the spore mass in the indoors and outdoors. Alternaria alternata, which is accounted as a human allergen for sporosis inducer and an agent for hay fever and other pathologies, was also intermittently recorded. A few plant pathogenic fungi like Helmithosporium sp. & Fusarium spp, saprophytic, field and storage fungi were also recorded during the study period. Effect of meteorological parameters on the fungal spores in the saw mill atmosphere was significantly assessed by Pearsons correlation coefficient analysis.