Anis Niza Ramani

Transmission losses allocation in deregulation electricity market

The restructuring of Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) all over the world that started mainly in the 20th century introduces an open electricity market for trading electricity between generators and suppliers in competitive environments. This transformation consists of two aspects that are related with each other; restructuring and privatization. However, due to this change, some problems and challenges have risen. One of it is the issue of power losses allocation. When electrical power is transmitted through a network, it will cause power losses. The generators must compensate this loss by generating more power. Under competitive electricity market environment, no generators would want to generate more to compensate this loss as it will increase their production cost. Logically both generators and consumers are supposed to pay for the losses because they both use the network and thus are responsible for the losses incurred. If there is no specified method to handle this problem, there is a probability that the Independent System Operator (ISO) which is a non-profit entity and does not have source of income will be responsible for this losses. However, if ISO paid for the losses, it is considered unfair. It is the market participants who should cover up the cost of losses. Thus, this analysis focuses on some existing allocating transmission losses and loss cost methods. The selected methods are pro rata, proportional sharing and novel pricing and these methods have been tested using simple bus network and the IEEE standard 14 test bus system.

Performance Assessment of Slip Mode Frequency Shift (SMS) Islanding Detection Methods

The awareness concerning the grid connected Photovoltaic (PV) has become vital and a major concern nowadays. Islanding detection is one of the most dominant challenges for distributed generation system connected to the utility grid. In addition, islanding has not been a preferable option as it may pose safety hazard and may cause damage to power generation and power supply facilities as a result of unsynchronized re-closer. Therefore, the islanding detection techniques are needed to ensure safe and reliable system operation. One of the established islanding prevention methods is the Slip Mode Frequency Shift (SMS) islanding method, which has numerous advantages over the other techniques. This paper investigates the active islanding detection methods and specifically focused on the SMS islanding method. The results show that the SMS islanding method successfully detected an unintentional fault and managed to isolate the system within the prescribed time range.

Support vector machine for day ahead electricity price forecasting

Electricity price forecasting has become an important part of power system operation and planning. In a pool- based electric energy market, producers submit selling bids consisting in energy blocks and their corresponding minimum selling prices to the market operator. Meanwhile, consumers submit buying bids consisting in energy blocks and their corresponding maximum buying prices to the market operator. Hence, both producers and consumers use day ahead price forecasts to derive their respective bidding strategies to the electricity market yet reduce the cost of electricity. However, forecasting electricity prices is a complex task because price series is a non-stationary and highly volatile series. Many factors cause for price spikes such as volatility in load and fuel price as well as power import to and export from outside the market through long term contract. This paper introduces an approach of machine learning algorithm for day ahead electricity price forecasting with Least Square Support Vector Mac...

Analysis the configuration of earthing system based on high-low and low-high soil structure

Each TNB transmission tower requires a tower footing resistance (TFR) with a lower grounding resistance value that depends on the transmission line voltage. For 132kV and 275kV tower, the TFR must less than 10Ω and 500kV tower must less than 5Ω. The TFR is changeable with variable factors such as soil resistivity. Low TFR provides essential protection to the fault such as lightning strike that may occur at any time. The fault current flow to the lowest resistance path and easily disperses to earth. Back flashover voltage across the insulator of transmission lines may occur when the TFR is high. The TFR is influenced by soil resistivity. There are three parameters affecting the soil resistivity; moisture content, salt content and temperature of the soil. High moisture content in soil will reduce the soil resistivity and resultant low TFR. Small scale moisture control by using Micro Reservoir (MR) irrigation with semi-permeable membranes have the power to offer the stable moisture in soil. By using osmosis ...

Experimental Study on the Ground Resistance Reduction Based on Different Types of Grounding Rod

Grounding of electrical installation is primarily concerned with ensuring safety. The main purpose of grounding is to channel the fault current straightly to the earth. To produce a good grounding system, the value of earth resistance must be reduced as low as possible. Otherwise, current may flows through to those who touch the damage electrical equipment instead of flowing through grounding system. In this project, a 3 meter length of copper, galvanized iron and pure steel rod were installed in formatting of grounding system. The installation of the grounding rods was based on the fall of potential method. Both single rod testing and parallel rod testing were performed in this project. A comparison on grounding resistance value for copper rod, steel rod and galvanized iron rod was examined and the selection of the best grounding rod was determined from the experimental data. Result shows that different types of rod will produce different value of resistivity in which depend on installation technique and soil condition.