Anissa Bouassida

Review on leptin and adiponectin responses and adaptations to acute and chronic exercise

Leptin and adiponectin represent two newly discovered adipose tissue derived hormones; that are both associated with health status and glucose and free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism. Moreover, acute and chronic exercises affect body composition, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is thus interesting to evaluate the effects of physical exercise and training on leptin and adiponectin levels. It seems that leptin concentration is not modified after short-term exercise (<60 min) or exercise that generates an energy expenditure lower than 800 kcal. Leptin levels decrease after long-term exercise (≥60 min) stimulating FFA release, or after exercise that generates energy expenditure higher than 800 kcal. Adiponectin concentration presents a delayed increase (30 min) after short-term intense exercise (<60 min) performed by trained athletes. For adiponectin, limited data suggest that adiponectin concentration presents a delayed increase (30 min) after short-term intense exercise (<60 min) performed by trained athletes. It seems that adiponectin concentrations do not change in response to long-term exercise (≥60 min). Short-term training (<12 weeks) and long-term training (≥12 weeks) show contrasting results regarding leptin and adiponectin. Most training studies which improve fitness levels and affect body composition could decrease leptin and increase adiponectin concentrations.

Effects of a high-intensity intermittent training program on aerobic capacity and lipid profile in trained subjects.

Background Data regarding the effect of training on plasma lipids are controversial. Most studies have addressed continuous or long intermittent training programs. The present study evaluated the effect of short-short high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) on aerobic capacity and plasma lipids in soccer players. Methods The study included 24 male subjects aged 21–26 years, divided into three groups: experimental group 1 (EG1, n=8) comprising soccer players who exercised in addition to regular short-short HIIT twice a week for 12 weeks; experimental group 2 (EG2, n=8) comprising soccer players who exercised in a regular football training program; and a control group (CG, n=8) comprising untrained subjects who did not practice regular physical activity. Maximal aerobic velocity and maximal oxygen uptake along with plasma lipids were measured before and after 6 weeks and 12 weeks of the respective training program. Results Compared with basal values, maximal oxygen uptake had significantly increased in EG1 (from 53.3±4.0 mL/min/kg to 54.8±3.0 mL/min/kg at 6 weeks [P<0.05] and to 57.0±3.2 mL/min/kg at 12 weeks [P<0.001]). Maximal oxygen uptake was increased only after 12 weeks in EG2 (from 52.8±2.7 mL/min/kg to 54.2±2.6 mL/min/kg, [P<0.05]), but remain unchanged in CG. After 12 weeks of training, maximal oxygen uptake was significantly higher in EG1 than in EG2 (P<0.05). During training, no significant changes in plasma lipids occurred. However, after 12 weeks, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels had decreased (by about 2%) in EG1 but increased in CG. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased in EG1 and EG2, but decreased in CG. Plasma triglycerides decreased by 8% in EG1 and increased by about 4% in CG. Conclusion Twelve weeks of short-short HIIT improves aerobic capacity. Although changes in the lipid profile were not significant after this training program, they may have a beneficial impact on health.

Influence of well-being variables and recovery state in physical enjoyment of professional soccer players during small-sided games

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the effects of the total quality of recovery and well-being indices (self-ratings of sleep during the preceding night, stress, fatigue and delayed onset muscle soreness) on rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and physical enjoyment (PE) during small-sided games. A total of 20 professional soccer players (25 ± 0.8 years) completed four 5-a-side game sessions of 25-min duration each (4 × 4 min work with 3-min passive recovery in-between). All variables were collected before each game session with the exception of RPE and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale that were collected after. The results demonstrate that recovery state and pre-fatigue states were not contributing signals of affected internal intensity and enjoyment of players. The study established the objectivity and utility of RPE as a useful tool for determining internal intensity during soccer-specific training as well as PE for assessing emotional response during exercise or training session.

Influence of intense training cycle and psychometric status on technical and physiological aspects performed during the small-sided games in soccer players

ABSTRACT The study investigated the effect of intense training cycle (IT) of early season preparation period (SPP) and psychological status on technical and physiological parameters during small-sided games (SSG) and the relationships between these variables. Sixteen professional soccer players participated in the study (mean±SD: age: 24.5±4.1). Training load (TL), Total quality recovery (TQR) and well-being indices were performed daily. TL increased progressively (%TL=31.56 [AU]). Physiological variables did not change after IT and were not influenced by well-being indices and TQR. Technical aspects were negatively altered after IT (p<0.05). TL was significantly correlated with successful passes (r=-0.57, p=0.02), interceptions (r=-0.83, p<0.001) and lost balls (r=0.73, p=0.002). Well-being and TQR were related to successful passes, interceptions and lost passes [(r=-0.55, p=0.03; r=-0.75, p=0.001; r=-0.69, p=0.004); (r=0.54, p=0.03; r=-0.76, p=0.001; r=-0.69, p=0.004), respectively]. TL, Well-being indices and TQR represent a useful strategy for coaches to control technical aspects in soccer players during SPP.

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Plasma Omentin-1 Concentration in Overweight/Obese and Normal-Weight Youth

Objectives: Omentin-1 is a recently discovered adipokine, mainly produced by visceral adipose tissue, which is thought to improve insulin sensitivity. The study aimed to assess the association of plasma omentin-1 with cardiometabolic traits and physical performance and to test its response to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in obese and normal-weight subjects. Methods: Nine overweight/obese (OG) and 9 normal-weight (NWG) young men performed an 8-week HIIT program. Body composition, physical performance, homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) as well as plasma omentin-1and lipid levels were assessed before and after the HIIT program. Results: Baseline plasma omentin-1 was lower in OG than NWG men (359 ± 138 vs. 470 ± 114 ng/ml; p = 0.052). Plasma omentin-1 was related to body fat (r = -0.57; p = 0.03) and LDL-cholesterol (r = -0.49; p = 0.04). There was a trend towards significant association of omentin-1 with BMI (r = -0.47; p = 0.06) and VO2max (r = 0.41; p = 0.09). However, no association was observed with HOMA-IR. Following the HIIT program, omentin-1 concentrations have significantly (p < 0.01) increased in OG (359 ± 138 to 455 ± 126 ng/ml) and NWG men (470 ± 114 to 572 ± 115 ng/ml). In parallel, the cardiometabolic profile has improved with a significant decrease of HOMA-IR in OG. Conclusions: HIIT resulted in a plasma omentin-1 increase and an improvement with regard to cardiometabolic traits in the OG men, which may contribute to modulate insulin sensitivity.

Effect of training status on adiponectin concentrations

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this investigation was to analyse the effect of sub-maximal acute exercise at different intensities on plasma adiponectin and insulin concentrations in trained and untrained subjects.MethodsSeven trained (TR) and eight untrained (UTR) subjects participated in this study. Subjects performed two submaximal cycling exercises of 20 min each: moderate and heavy. The intensity of the exercises was respectively at 60% and 80% of maximal oxygen consumption (

Body mass index reference curves for Tunisian children

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Effects of high-intensity interval training on body composition, aerobic and anaerobic performance and plasma lipids in overweight/obese and normal-weight young men

O2max). Blood samples were obtained before, at the end, and after 30, 60 and 90 min of recovery.ResultsAdiponectin concentrations were unchanged after both exercises and during recovery in TR and UTR. Insulin concentrations were significantly lowered (p<0.05 and p<0.01) at the end and during recovery in both protocols and groups. The comparison between groups indicated that TR presented lower control adiponectin and insulin concentrations than UTR during the moderate and the heavy exercise: −51.62%, p<0.05 and −43.33%, p<0.05, respectively for adiponectin and −35.29%, p<0.05 and −35.11%, p<0.05, respectively for insulin. Rest adiponectin levels during the heavy exercise were significantly related to