Ankit Thakkar

Cluster Head Election for Energy and Delay Constraint Applications of Wireless Sensor Network

Designing of a multi-hop Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) depends upon the requirements of the underlying sensing application. The main objective of WSNs is to monitor physical phenomenon of interest in a given region of interest using sensors and provide collected data to sink. The WSN is made of a large number of energy, communication, and computational constraint nodes, to overcome energy constrains, replacing or recharging the batteries of the WSN nodes is an impossible task, once they are deployed in a hostile environment. Therefore, to keep the network alive as long as possible, communication between the WSN nodes must be done with load balancing. Time critical applications like forest fire detection, battle field monitoring demands reception of data by the sink with the bounded delay to avoid disasters. Hence, there is a need to design a protocol which enhances the network lifetime and provides information to the sink with a bounded delay. This paper will address this problem and solution. In this paper, a routing algorithm is proposed by introducing Energy Delay Index for Trade-off (EDIT) to optimize both objectives-energy and delay. The EDIT is used to select cluster heads and “next hop” by considering energy and/or delay requirements of a given application. Proposed approach is derived using two different aspects of distances between a node and the sink named Euclidean distance and Hop-count, and further prove using realistic parameters of radio to get data closest to the test bed implementation. The results aspire to give sufficient insights to others before doing test bed implementation.

Alive Nodes Based Improved Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy for Wireless Sensor Network

Energy efficiency is one of the important issues in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). In this paper, a decentralized Alive Nodes based Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (AL-LEACH) is presented, that considers number of alive nodes in the network to elect the cluster heads. Alive nodes are used to dynamically compute weights of random numbers. Random number is one of the important parameters to elect cluster heads for the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. Extensive simulations are carried out to compare our proposed approach AL-LEACH with Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy with Deterministic Cluster-Head Selection (LDCHS) and Advanced LEACH routing protocol for wireless micro sensor networks (ALEACH). Simulation results show that AL-LEACH improves the network life time and number of packets received by Base Station (BS) through balanced energy consumption of the network.

Aggregate features approach for texture analysis

Texture analysis is significant field in image processing and computer vision. Shape and texture has groovy correlation and texture can be defined by shape descriptor. Three individual approach Zernike moment, which is orthogonal shape signifier, Gabor features and Haralick features are utilized for texture analysis. Another approach is applied by aggregating all the features for texture analysis. Texture is defined by features which are extracted using Gabor filter, GLCM and Zernike moments. Classification of texture are done using back-propagation neural network. Individual approach is applied on texture images and accuracy is determined. By combining all approaches overall result is improved.

Power aware scheduling for Adhoc Sensor Network nodes

Adhoc Sensor Networks are being considered for many novel applications. There are many challenges while designing the sensor based adhoc network but main constraint is the power consumption done by the sensor nodes. Many solutions have been proposed to save the power of the senor nodes which are based on routing and other methodology. Most of the studies have considered switching off of the radio to save power under various routing conditions and measured throughput of network traffic. Another major task of sensor nodes is to sense the environment or some parameters which can be based on application needs implemented through various tasks and their scheduling. A mix of realtime, critical and non realtime task scheduling has been implemented for a micro-controller having various power saving modes and it is shown that it can provide significant saving of power for the sensor node.

DEAL: Distance and Energy Based Advanced LEACH Protocol

Wireless Sensor Network is made of tiny energy-constrained nodes with a limited amount of communication, computation and storage capabilities. Also, it is inconvenient to change batteries of the sensor nodes due to large-scale deployment in hostile environments. Hence, network longevity becomes the prime concern for WSNs. This paper presents Distance and Energy based Advanced LEACH protocol named DEAL. DEAL considers energy and distance of a node during the cluster head election process. Simulation results show that DEAL enhances the stability period and slashes the instability period as compared to ALEACH protocol.

A Simple and Efficient Text-Based CAPTCHA Verification Scheme Using Virtual Keyboard

Digital media becomes an effective way of communication which is available round the clock to everyone including humans and machines. This put the requirement for machines to differentiate between human and machine as far as access of the website or its relevant services is concerned. CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computer and Human Apart) is a test that helps machines (or programs) to differentiate between human and machine. CAPTCHA should be easy for users to solve and difficult for bots to attack. In this paper, a simple and efficient text-based CAPTCHA verification scheme is proposed which is easy for human and hard for bots. The proposed scheme uses virtual keyboard, eliminates input-box, and does verification on the basis of the positions of the characters.

An improved advanced low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy for a dense wireless sensor network

A key issue for any Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is to design energy efficient protocols to prolong the lifetime of WSN. This is indeed a necessary and important requirement, as sensor nodes are battery operated. Also, it is difficult to recharge or replace batteries of nodes because of their dense deployment in a hostile region. Cluster based data transmission techniques reduce energy required for communication, and improves the network lifetime. However, selection of a cluster head is a challenging task. This paper proposed an improved clustering technique (IALEACH) by extending Advanced Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy. Extensive simulations have been carried out by executing each protocol sixty-five times for a given node density and initial energy. Simulation results show that the proposed approach improves stability period, weak sensing period and non-usable period and maintains strong sensing period.