Ann De Roo

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Clinical Observations in 103 Patients

During the 1995 outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a series of 103 cases (one-third of the total number of cases) had clinical symptoms and signs accurately recorded by medical workers, mainly in the setting of the urban hospital in Kikwit. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed retrospectively in cases for which serum samples were available (n = 63, 61% of the cases). The disease began unspecifically with fever, asthenia, diarrhea, headaches, myalgia, arthralgia, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Early inconsistent signs and symptoms included conjunctival injection, sore throat, and rash. Overall, bleeding signs were observed in <45% of the cases. Typically, terminally ill patients presented with obtundation, anuria, shock, tachypnea, and normothermia. Late manifestations, most frequently arthralgia and ocular diseases, occurred in convalescent patients. This series is the most extensive number of cases of Ebola hemorrhagic fever observed during an outbreak.

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever and Pregnancy

Fifteen (14%) of 105 women with Ebola hemorrhagic fever hospitalized in the isolation unit of the Kikwit General Hospital (Democratic Republic of the Congo) were pregnant. In 10 women (66%) the pregnancy ended with an abortion. In 3 of them, a curettage was performed, and all 3 received a blood transfusion from an apparently healthy person. One woman was prematurely delivered of a stillbirth. Four pregnant women died during the third trimester of their pregnancy. All women presented with severe bleeding. Only 1 survived; she had a curettage because of an incomplete abortion after 8 months of amenorrhea. The mortality among pregnant women with Ebola hemorrhagic fever (95.5%) was slightly but not significantly higher than the overall mortality observed during the Ebola epidemic in Kikwit (77%; 245/316 infected persons).

Late Ophthalmologic Manifestations in Survivors of the 1995 Ebola Virus Epidemic in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Three (15%) of 20 survivors of the 1995 Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo enrolled in a follow-up study and 1 other survivor developed ocular manifestations after being asymptomatic for 1 month. Patients complained of ocular pain, photophobia, hyperlacrimation, and loss of visual acuity. Ocular examination revealed uveitis in all 4 patients. All patients improved with a topical treatment of 1% atropine and steroids.

Organization of Patient Care during the Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Epidemic in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995

In contrast with procedures in previous Ebola outbreaks, patient care during the 1995 outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, was centralized for a large number of patients. On 4 May, before the diagnosis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) was confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an isolation ward was created at Kikwit General Hospital. On 11 May, an international scientific and technical committee established as a priority the improvement of hygienic conditions in the hospital and the protection of health care workers and family members; to this end, protective equipment was distributed and barrier-nursing techniques were implemented. For patients living far from Kikwit, home care was organized. Initially, hospitalized patients were given only oral treatments; however, toward the end of the epidemic, infusions and better nutritional support were given, and 8 patients received blood from convalescent EHF patients. Only 1 of the transfusion patients died (12.5%). It is expected that with improved medical care, the case fatality rate of EHF could be reduced.

Lessons Learned From 2 Patients With Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Infection Successfully Treated With a Darunavir-Containing Antiretroviral Treatment Regimen

The authors describe 2 patients with life-threatening multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection who responded very well to a treatment regimen containing darunavir and enfuvirtide. They discuss the availability of several new treatment options such as darunavir, etravirine, integrase, and CCR5 inhibitors for patients with multidrug-resistant viruses.