Anna Acciaioli

Performance of Cinta Senese pigs reared outdoors and indoors. 1. Meat and subcutaneous fat characteristics

The effects of rearing system on tissue composition of a sample joint and on chemical-physical traits of meat and subcutaneous fat were studied in an Italian local pig breed. Forty-six Cinta Senese pigs were used; 17 pigs were reared on wood pasture, 29 pigs were reared in pens and fed commercial mixtures. Weight at slaughter was 136.2 and 127.7 kg for indoor and outdoor-pigs respectively. For sample joint composition outdoor-pigs showed a lower percentage of Longissimus lumborum (Ll) (46% vs. 48%) and higher percentages of intermuscular fat (7.2% vs. 4.7%) and bone (20.9% vs. 19.2%). In Ll outdoor-pigs showed higher percentages of intramuscular fat (4.04% vs. 3.29%) and crude protein (23.5% vs. 22.8%), lower drip and cooking losses by oven (0.66% vs. 2.14% and 28.6% vs. 32.3% respectively) and higher cooking loss by water-bath (30.3% vs. 26.6%). Lower values of L* (45.8 vs. 50.1) and higher values of a* (14.9 vs. 11.8) and chroma (15.9 vs. 12.8) were recorded on Ll of outdoor-pigs. Subcutaneous fat of outdoor-pigs showed higher percentages of MUFA (55.1% vs. 53.3%) and PUFA (13.2% vs. 10.4%). Outdoor-pigs had higher PUFA/SFA ratio (0.43 vs. 0.29).

Performance of Cinta Senese pigs and their crosses with Large White. 1 Muscle and subcutaneous fat characteristics

Twenty-nine Cinta Senese (CS), 29 Large WhitexCinta Senese (LWxCS) and 12 Large White (LW) pigs were reared indoors and fed a commercial mixture. After slaughter (at avg. weight of 136, 139, 155 kg for CS, LWxCS, LW, respectively), a portion of the loin (sample cut) was dissected into lean and Longissimus lumborum (LL), intermuscular fat and bone. Chemical and physical analyses were conducted on LL. Chemical composition and fatty acid profile were determined on the outer layer of backfat. CS pigs had the highest percentage of bone and the lowest of lean in the sample cut, LWxCS showing intermediate values between parental breeds. In LL, CS showed lower moisture (73.23% vs. 74.28%) and higher fat content (3.19% vs. 0.87%) than LW; pH(24) was higher in CS (5.78) than in LWxCS (5.67) and LW (5.50); meat was more red in CS and LWxCS than in LW; CS showed higher water holding capacity than LW, with LWxCS at an intermediate position; raw meat was tougher in CS than in LW, but differences disappeared after cooking. In backfat CS had lower moisture (6.5% vs. 6.9% and 7.8%) and higher lipid content (81.4 vs. 78.1 and 77.5%) than LWxCS and LW; concerning fatty acid composition, CS showed less SFA (saturated fatty acids; 36.2% vs. 37.12% and 37.7%) than the other two genotypes, and, together with LWxCS, less PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids; 10.4% and 10.2% vs. 11.1%) and more oleic acid (50.3% and 49.8% vs. 48.5%) than LW. Overall, evidence of additive genetic effects was present for most qualitative parameters with crosses showing intermediate values between parental breeds.

Comparison of the performances of Nero Siciliano pigs reared indoors and outdoors. 1. Growth and carcass composition

A total of 78 female and male Nero Siciliano pigs were used. Forty-one pigs were reared following the traditional management system, 37 pigs were reared in pens with a small outdoor paddock and fed to appetite using commercial rations according to the growing period. Both male and female pigs were castrated. All pigs were weighed and measured periodically. Body measurements included height at withers, chest girth, body length, width at shoulders and at rump. Age and body weight at slaughter ranged respectively from 371 to 572 days and from 79 to 113 kg. The carcasses were weighed and dissected into lean, fat and bone cuts. In the early and final stages indoor-pigs grew faster than those reared outdoors. Trends in body length were similar for the two rearing systems, for width at shoulders and rump, chest girth and height at withers, indoor pigs showed higher values than the outdoor ones. Carcasses of similar weight were longer in outdoor than in indoor pigs but the latter showed greater subcutaneous fat thickness. Outdoor pigs had the lowest dressing percentage and the highest percentage of lean cuts, such as shoulder and ham, but not of neck and loin. Sex did not significantly affect the analysed characteristics.

Evolution of chemical composition, somatic cell count and renneting properties of the milk of Massese ewes

Abstract The experiment was carried out on 52 lactations of 37 multiparous Massese ewes. Because of the mating practice of the breed, three types of lactation were detected: Type 1, a short lactation initiated in autumn; Type 2, a short lactation initiated in spring, following the Type 1 lactation; Type 3, a long lactation initiated in autumn. Milk yield was recorded weekly, starting not before the eighth day from lambing. On a total 984 milk samples, contents of fat, protein, casein and lactose, SCC, pH and clotting parameters (R, K20 and A30) were determined. Data were analysed by a mixed model including lactation order, lactation type, DIM, and individual lactation as random effects. Protein and casein content increased from the second to fifth lactation; the highest fat content was detected in the sixth lactation and over; milk of fourth lactation had higher SCC and worse renneting properties than that of second lactation. The pattern of evolution of parameters within the three types of lactation showed that the increase of nutrients with DIM was particularly noticeable for fat content in the Type 2 lactation (spring/short) which exhibited, at an average of 94 DIM, 1.5 percentage units above the other two types. Evolution of lactodynamographic parameters indicates that generally there was a substantial improvement in cheese-making suitability during the first 2–3 months postpartum, and a worsening thereafter. The Type 2 lactation yielded milk with better renneting properties, particularly with respect to milk obtained during the same season from ewes that had an autumn delivery. This suggested that the newly started milk from the spring lactation could have a corrective effect on the total amount of bulk milk produced, a possible advantage for the Massese breed, which is characterised by a particularly pronounced deseasonalisation of lambings.

Productivity of Cinta Senese and Large White x Cinta Senese pigs reared outdoors in woodlands and indoors. 2. Slaughter and carcass traits

Abstract The aim of this paper was to study slaughter and carcass traits of Cinta Senese pigs, both pure and crossbred with Large White, reared outdoors in woodland and indoors. Sixteen Cinta Senese (CS) and 16 Large White x Cinta Senese (LWxCS) pigs were reared outdoors (OUT) on woodland pastures with some food supplementation; 70 animals (29 CS, 29 LWxCS and 12 LW) were reared indoors (IN), allotted in pens for genetic type and sex. Pigs were slaughtered at about 140 kg of live weight and at an age greater than 8 months. After slaughter, carcass length, thorax depth, number of vertebrae and backfat thickness were measured, and carcasses were dissected into lean, fat and bone cuts. Average daily gain to slaughter differed markedly among the five GTxRS combinations (598; 512; 438; 338; 250 g/d, respectively for LW-IN; LWxCS-IN; CS-IN; LWxCS-OUT; CS-OUT). LWxCS-IN and LWxCS-OUT had respectively the highest and the lowest dressing percentages (83.3% and 80.1%). A greater compactness of CS carcasses was evident from the length to depth ratio. In both farming systems CS pigs had the thickest backfat, and their differences with the other genetic types increased proportionally according to a cranio-caudal gradient. Moreover, CS pigs showed lower percentage of lean cuts and a higher percentage of fat cuts, than the other breeds. In the indoor system an additive effect was evident, with crossbred pigs showing lean cuts yields (62.8%) of almost intermediate value with respect to the parental breeds (57.7% for CS and 69.1% for LW). Some effects of the availability of woodland pastures on growth and carcass composition were also observed, particularly showing CS-OUT pigs’ higher percentage of backfat and kidney fat, and lower percentage of loin and shoulder than the CS-IN ones.

Productivity of Cinta Senese and Large White x Cinta Senese pigs reared outdoor on woodlands and indoor. 1. Growth and somatic development

Abstract Twenty-nine Cinta Senese (CS), 12 Large White (LW) and 29 LWxCS pigs were reared indoor and group fed on commercial mixtures in pens averaging 6 animals according to genetic type and sex. Seventeen CS and 16 LWxCS pigs were reared outdoor on woodland pastures (Quercus ilex, Castanea sativa) with minimum commercial mixtures supplementation. Both males and females were castrated. Since the age of 100 days morphological measures were recorded bimonthly (height at rump, body length, chest girth, width at shoulder, width at rump). To perform a statistical analysis, factors such as regression on age and allometric relationship on weight were taken into consideration, together with the fixed effect of genetic type x rearing system. In the indoor system, CS pigs reached 140 kg of live weight 30 and 100 days later than LWxCS and LW pigs, respectively. Moreover, CS conversion index was worse than that of LW pigs (i.e. 4.54 vs. 3.77 feed/gain) and CS backfat thickness was higher. During spring and summer, the outdoor system worsened the growth of backfat in both genetic types, as a consequence of scarce feed availability. However, cross pigs showed higher growth rate than CS breed. Allometric relationships analysis pointed out that CS pigs were taller, narrower at shoulder and at rump and shorter than LW pigs. Moreover, CS breed had higher chest girth than LW and the difference became more evident at higher weights. Crossbred pigs showed intermediate behaviour compared to parental breeds. Outdoor reared Cinta Senese pigs differed from those indoor in the evolution of body proportion, due to older age at a given weight and to the grazing activity. No differences were found with respect to for width values at rump, but outdoor CS pigs presented higher growth for width at shoulder and for chest girth. Thus, the outdoor system seems to intensify the development of the body forepart in Cinta Senese breed, already emphasised in this breed.

Application of two models to the lactation curve of Massese ewes

Abstract The experiment was carried out on 52 lactations of 37 multiparous Massese ewes. Milk yield was recorded weekly, starting before the 15th day from lambing. Due to the mating practice of the breed, three types of lactation were detected: Type 1, a short lactation initiated in autumn; Type 2, a short lactation initiated in spring, following the Type 1 lactation; Type 3, a long lactation initiated in autumn. The Wood model (W) and a bi-exponential function (CB) were applied to fit milk yield data of individual lactations. Milk yield of the whole lactation was estimated both by integrating the W and CB functions, and by using the Fleischmann official method. The W model, after the restriction of b >0, fitted the original data better than the CB model, particularly in late lactation. However, the CB model was more adequate for describing the initial sudden rapid increase of milk yield. Differences among the three methods for the estimate of total milk yield were very small, even though the CB model slightly overestimated late lactation. Among the three types of lactations, Type 2 had a much earlier peak, a higher peak yield and a lower persistency than the other two types. The ewes age at lambing influenced only the total milk yield, which reached the maximum at about 4 years of age.

Performance of cinta senese pigs and their crosses with large white 2. physical, chemical and technological traits of tuscan dry-cured ham

Technological, chemical and physical traits of cured ham from Cinta Senese and Large White pigs, and their crosses were investigated. Hams were obtained from 29 Cinta Senese (CS), 29 Large White×Cinta Senese (LW×CS) and 12 Large White (LW) pigs, fed a commercial mixture. Sensory and chemical-physical analysis was performed on a sample-slice and on muscles (Biceps femoris - BF; Semimembranosus - SM; Semitendinosus - ST) and subcutaneous fat. CS showed the highest trimming loss and the lowest salting loss. Hams of CS pigs scored higher for fatness than those of LW pigs, LW×CS showing intermediate values. On sample-slice, CS exhibited higher firmness, redness and marbling of lean, and greater fat extension than LW, with crosses having intermediate scores. Muscle moisture was lowest in CS, while both SM and BF from LW had the highest percentage of protein and the lowest of ash. CS showed higher intramuscular fat content than LW×CS and LW. Shear force of BF was higher in CS than in LW×CS and LW. With respect to LW, CS had lower values of L(∗) in muscles, and higher values of a(∗) in subcutaneous fat. Subcutaneous fat of CS contained less SFA and more MUFA than LW×CS and LW.

The use of multivariate analysis for evaluating relationships among fat depots in heavy pigs of different genotypes

The aim of the present work was to study distribution and reciprocal relationships of fat depots in heavy pigs of several genetic types. On 161 barrows and gilts belonging to four genetic types (Large White and relative crosses with Italian Landrace, Belgian Landrace and Duroc), slaughtered from 125 to 180 kg l.w., thickness, colour (C.I.E, L*, a*, b*) and weight of backfat and of kidney fat were determined. Subcutaneous and intermuscular fat of ham were weighed. On biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles ether extract content was determined. Allometric analysis showed that body growth did not particularly increase the intramuscular fat content of the ham. Principal component analysis indicated that PC1 (0.43% of variation) represented the overall fatness, associated all the depots in a similar manner, and was linked to body weight and sex. PC2 (0.22% of variation), linked to genotypes and body weight, expressed the opposition between intramuscular fat deposition and subcutaneous and internal fat accumulation. Using measurements easily recorded on the side (backfat thickness and colour, percent kidney fat), only the estimate of subcutaneous fat, among ham depots, showed good accuracy (R(2)=0.65).

Response surface analyses of the associative effects of lucerne hay, wheat straw and maize gluten feed on growing lambs

Abstract Twenty-seven male lambs were fed nine complete diets based on 40% concentrate and either wheat straw (S), lucerne hay (H), maize gluten feed (G) or their associations. The growth performances and the comparative slaughter technique of lambs were used as the means to study the possible associative effect between S, H and G. The response surface analysis (RSA) model was used to statistically analyse all the growth and slaughter data. As was expected, the presence of S in the place of H in the ration had a depressing effect on the dry matter intake ( P P P As a conclusion, it is observed that the statistical model represented by the RSA adopted in this work was a very useful and precise means to study the associative effects between ingredients of complete diets. This kind of approach deserves further work to be validated.