Anna G. Orlova

Lifetime imaging of FRET between red fluorescent proteins

Numerous processes in cells can be traced by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between two fluorescent proteins. The novel FRET pair including the red fluorescent protein TagRFP and kindling fluorescent protein KFP for sensing caspase-3 activity is developed. The lifetime mode of FRET measurements with a nonfluorescent protein KFP as an acceptor is used to minimize crosstalk due to its direct excitation. The red fluorescence is characterized by a better penetrability through the tissues and minimizes the cell autofluorescence signal. The effective transfection and expression of the FRET sensor in eukaryotic cells is shown by FLIM. The induction of apoptosis by camptothecine increases the fluorescence lifetime, which means effective cleavage of the FRET sensor by caspase-3. The instruments for detecting whole-body fluorescent lifetime imaging are described. Experiments on animals show distinct fluorescence lifetimes for the red fluorescent proteins possessing similar spectral properties.

Photoinduced electrical response in quantum dots/graphene hybrid structure

We report on the enhancement of the electrical photoresponse in a hybrid structure composed of multi-layer graphene flakes covered by a layer of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) and placed between metal electrodes. The rate of the photoexcitation energy transfer from QDs to graphene, (0.5–2)×109u2009s−1 which controls the photoelectrical response of the structure, was found from the analysis of photoluminescence intensities and decay times for QDs in solution, on a bare glass substrate and on the surface of multilayer graphene, and in the presence of ammonia vapors.

Method of bimodal photoacoustic and ultrasound microscopy for simultaneous structural and functional diagnostics of biotissues

The excitation of external electrode of focused photoacoustic (PA) detector by the backscattered laser radiation can ensure a cost-effective upgrade from single-modality PA microscopy to dual-modality PA/US imaging. In this work we approbated thermoelastic generation of probing ultrasonic pulses for bimodal photoacoustic (PA) and optically mediated Ultrasound (US) microscopy in vivo, using single optical pulse delivered from tunable laser to form both PA and US A-scans. The presented results of bimodal in vivo visualization of rat brain provide with the experimental evidence, that the proposed approach can be used for both functional and structural bioimaging simultaneously.

Three-dimensional in vivo imaging of tumors expressing red fluorescent proteins.

3D imaging of genetically-engineered fluorescent tumors enables quantitative monitoring of tumor growth/regression, metastatic processes, including during anticancer therapy in real-time.Fluorescent tumor models for 3D imaging require stable expression of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins and maintenance of the properties of tumor cell line including growth rate, morphology, and immunophenotype.In this chapter, the protocol for 3D imaging of tumors expressing red fluorescent protein are described in detail.

Method of measuring blood oxygenation based on spectroscopy of diffusely scattered light

A new approach to the measurement of blood oxygenation is developed and implemented, based on an original two-step algorithm reconstructing the relative concentration of biological chromophores (haemoglobin, water, lipids) from the measured spectra of diffusely scattered light at different distances from the radiation source. The numerical experiments and approbation of the proposed approach using a biological phantom have shown the high accuracy of the reconstruction of optical properties of the object in question, as well as the possibility of correct calculation of the haemoglobin oxygenation in the presence of additive noises without calibration of the measuring device. The results of the experimental studies in animals agree with the previously published results obtained by other research groups and demonstrate the possibility of applying the developed method to the monitoring of blood oxygenation in tumour tissues.

Complexes of photosensitizer and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots passivated with BSA: optical properties and intracomplex energy transfer

Here we report our investigations of the formation conditions and photophysical properties of complexes between luminescent semiconducting nanoparticles (quantum dots, QDs) and the photosensitizer chlorin e6, which is widely used for the photodynamic therapy. In our complexes, bovine serum albumin (BSA), the most abundant protein in blood serum, was used as a linker between QDs and chlorin e6 molecules. The influence of BSA on the optical properties of Ce6 and QDs in complexes was properly examined using spectral-luminescent methods. It was found that BSA passivated QD surface and substantially QD quantum yield of luminescence was increased. In addition, BSA prevented the aggregation of chlorin e6 molecules in complexes with QDs. We demonstrated that the use of BSA as a linker allows to create functional QD-chlorin e6 complexes with effective photoexcitation energy transfer from QDs to the molecules.

Quantum dot-tetrapyrrole complexes as photodynamic therapy agents

Photophysical properties of complexes of semiconductor quantum dots with conventional photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (tetrapyrroles) were investigated. A luminescent study of complexes in aqueous solutions was performed using spectral- and time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy. It was found that increasing the photosensitizer relative concentration in complexes resulted in sharp drop of the nonradiative energy transfer efficiency and the quantum yield of the photosensitizer photoluminescence. This fact indicates that additional channels of nonradiative energy dissipation may take place in the complexes. Using complexes of Al(OH)-sulphophthalocyanine with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in the aqueous solution as an typical example, we have demonstrated that new channels of the energy dissipation may arise due to aggregation of the photosensitizer molecules upon formation of the complexes with quantum dots. We also demonstrated that use of methods of complex formation preventing aggregation of photosensitizers allows to conserve the high energy transfer efficiency and quantum yield of the acceptor photoluminescence in complexes in wide range of the photosensitizer concentrations. We believe that our study allows obtaining new information about the physical mechanisms of nonradiative energy transfer in quantum dots-tetrapyrrole complexes perspective for photodynamic therapy.

Noninvasive estimation of the oxygen status of experimental tumors by diffuse optical spectroscopy

The potentialities of diffuse optical spectroscopy for noninvasive estimation of the oxygen status of experimental tumors have been demonstrated. The distribution of total, oxygenated, and deoxygenated hemoglobin, as well as the level of oxygen saturation of blood have been assessed using two tumor models differing in the histological structure and functional characteristics. The results obtained by the optical method have been verified by immunohistochemical examination of tissue specimens with an exogenous hypoxia marker pimonidazole.

Simultaneous in vivo imaging of diffuse optical reflectance, optoacoustic pressure and ultrasonic scattering (Conference Presentation)

We will present reflection-mode bioimaging system providing complementary optical, photoacsoutic and acoustic measurements by acoustic detector after each laser pulse with 2kHz repetition rate. The photons absorbed within the biological tissue provide optoacoustic (OA) signals, the photons absorbed by the external electrode of a detector provide the measurable diffuse reflectance (DR) from the sample and the probing ultrasonic (US) pulse. To demonstrate the in vivo capabilities of the system we performed complementary DR/OA/US imaging of small laboratory animals and human palm with 3.5mm/50μm/35μm lateral resolution at up to 3 mm diagnostic depth. Functional OA and DR imaging demonstrated the levels of tissue vascularization and blood supply. Structural US imaging was essential for understanding the position of vessels and zones with different perfusion. Before BiOS-2017 we plan to accomplish more in vivo experiments validating the developed triple-modality system as diagnostic tool to detect vascularization as well as mechanisms of vascular changes when monitoring response to therapy.

The complex evaluation of tumor oxygen state and vasculature during preoperative chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer

Effective breast cancer treatment requires the assessment of metabolic changes of tumor tissue during chemo- and hormonotherapy for prediction tumor response. Evaluation of the dynamics of tumor oxygen state (by diffuse optical spectroscopy imaging) and tumor vasculature (by ultrasound investigation in power Doppler mode) was performed before treatment beginning and before the second cycle of chemotherapy in 16 patients who received preoperative chemotherapy. Changes of these indicators were compared then with tumor pathologic response. Breast tumors demonstrated different dynamics of tumor oxygenation depending on the changes of tumor tissue. The increase of the tumor oxygenation after the first cycle of chemotherapy was observed in five of six patients with grade 4 and 5 of pathologic tumor response. Decrease of the oxygenation level was revealed in one patient with the 4th degree of tumor response. Variable changes of the oxygenation level were mentioned in the patients with moderate (the 3d degree) tumor response. Tumor oxygenation decreased or was unchanged in case of 1 or 2 degree of tumor response in five of six cases. The study of the tumor blood vessels didnt reveal any correlation between vasculature changes and tumor response under the performed treatment. The trend of tumor oxygenation in early time after treatment beginning might be a predictive criterion of tumor sensitivity to chemotherapy.