Anna Surdacka

Relation of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinical parameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetes.

OBJECTIVE Both pregnancy and diabetes are thought to predispose to the impairment of oral health. As saliva contributes to oral homeostasis, we have characterised its properties and flow rate in pregnant women with or without diabetes. DESIGN Unstimulated whole mixed saliva was collected from 63 women in the first trimester of pregnancy and analysed for the concentration of selected antioxidants, cytokines, and growth factors. RESULTS Pregnant women with diabetes were found to have markedly increased indexes of caries activity, plaque formation, gingival and periodontal status, as well as increased salivary antioxidant capacity and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. These changes were more pronounced in patients with long-term disease and systemic diabetic complications, but only partly correlated with the level of blood glycated haemoglobin. Of the cytokines examined, salivary VEGF and HGF concentrations in diabetic pregnant women correlated in a positive and negative manner, respectively, with the prevalence of caries. Moreover, VEGF levels in this group correlated inversely with the probing depth and clinical attachment levels. All such associations did not occur in healthy individuals. In contrast, the salivary pH and flow rate correlated inversely with several parameters of caries and plaque formation irrespectively of whether the pregnant women were diabetic or not. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes in pregnant women significantly changes saliva properties, which may contribute to accelerated deterioration of the oral status in this population.

Role of high endothelial postcapillary venules and selected adhesion molecules in periodontal diseases: a review

Periodontitis is accompanied by the proliferation of small blood vessels in the gingival lamina propria. Specialized postcapillary venules, termed periodontal high endothelial-like venules, are also present, and demonstrate morphological and functional traits similar to those of high endothelial venules (HEVs) in lymphatic organs. The suggested role of HEVs in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis involves participation in leukocyte transendothelial migration and therefore proinflammatory effects appear. Recent observations suggest that chronic periodontitis is an independent risk factor for systemic vascular disease and may result in stimulation of the synthesis of acute phase protein by cytokines released by periodontal high endothelial cells (HECs). However, tissue expression of HEV-linked adhesion molecules has not been evaluated in the gingiva of patients with chronic periodontitis. This is significant in relation to potential therapy targeting expression of the adhesion molecules. In this review, current knowledge of HEV structure and the related expression of four surface adhesion molecules of HECs [CD34, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, endoglin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)], involved in the key steps of the adhesion cascade in periodontal diseases, are discussed. Most studies on the expression of adhesion molecules in the development and progression of periodontal diseases pertain to ICAM-1 (CD54). Studies by the authors demonstrated quantitatively similar expression of three of four selected surface markers in gingival HEVs of patients with chronic periodontitis and in HEVs of reactive lymph nodes, confirming morphological and functional similarity of HEVs in pathologically altered tissues with those in lymphoid tissues.

The plasminogen activation system in periodontal tissue (Review)

The plasminogen activation system (PAS) plays an essential role in tissue proteolysis in physiological and pathological processes. Periodontitis is a chronic infection associated with increased proteolysis driven by plasminogen activation. In this comprehensive review, we summarise the effects of PAS in wound healing, tissue remodelling, inflammation, bacterial infection, and in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. Specifically, we discuss the role of plasminogen activators (PAs), including urokinase PA (uPA), tissue-type PA (tPA), PA inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and 2 (PAI-2) and activated plasminogen in periodontal tissue, where their concentrations can reach much higher values than those found in other parts of the body. We also discuss whether PA deficiencies can have effects on periodontal tissue. We conclude that in periodontal disease, PAS is unbalanced and equalizing its function can improve the clinical periodontal tissue condition.

Expression of angiogenesis-stimulating factors (VEGF, CD31, CD105) and angiogenetic index in gingivae of patients with chronic periodontitis.

The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of the angiogenesis rate in chronic periodontitis (CP). A total of 61 human gingival samples were taken from patients with CP (n = 40) obtained during open curettage with gingivectomy, healthy periodontia (n = 15), and reactive lymph nodes (n = 7). Quantitative immunocytochemistry studies of VEGF, CD31 (PECAM-1) and CD105 (endoglin) were performed using the spatial visualization method. CD105/CD31 and VEGF/CD31 angiogenetic ratios (ARs) were established to determine the proliferation fraction of the endothelium. In patients with CP, the proliferation of blood vessels was observed, including the presence of numerous high endothelial venules (HEVs) and ordinary vessels. In gingival HEVs of patients with CP, the higher expression was shown by CD31 and, in turn CD105 and VEGF. The entire vascular expression of CD31 in the gingiva correlates with grading in lamina propria, but our study failed to document correlations between the expression of VEGF and CD105 and clinical data of patients with CP. Higher ARs were seen in gingivae of CP patients compared to controls. We concluded that overexpression of the angiogenesis-associated factors in CP suggests its significance in protracting the inflammatory process or periodic exacerbations of the process and destruction of the periodontium. The increased CD105/CD31 and VEGF/CD31 ratios in gingiva confirms an augmented proliferative fraction of the endothelium in gingiva with CP.

Determining whether curcumin degradation/condensation is actually bioactivation (Review)

Curcumin has been shown to exert therapeutic or protective effects against a variety of diseases, such as cancer, pulmonary diseases, neurological, liver, metabolic, autoimmune, cardiovascular diseases and numerous other chronic ailments. Over 116 clinical studies on curcumin in humans were registered with the US National Institutes of Health in 2015. However, it is mystifying how curcumin can be so effective in the treatment of many diseases since it has very low water solubility and bioavailability. Furthermore, curcumin is not stable under various conditions; its degradation or condensation into different bioactive compounds may be responsible for its biological activities rather than curcumin itself. In this review, we provide evidence of curcumin degradation and condensation into different compounds which have or may have health benefits themselves. Literature reviews strongly suggest that these molecules contribute to the observed health benefits, rather than curcumin itself.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 mRNA isoforms and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor mRNA expression in chronic hepatitis C.

AIM To evaluate the expression of different insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 mRNA isoforms and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) mRNA in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected livers. METHODS Thirty-four liver biopsy specimens from chronic hepatitis C (CH-C) patients were obtained before anti-viral therapy. Inflammatory activity (grading) and advancement of fibrosis (staging) were evaluated using a modified point scale of METAVIR. The samples were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR technique. From fragments of liver biopsies and control liver that were divided and ground in liquid nitrogen, RNA was isolated using RNeasy Fibrous Tissue Mini Kit according to the manufacturers instruction. Expression levels of IGF-1 mRNA isoforms (IGF-1A, IGF-1B, IGF-1C, P1, and P2) and IGF-1R mRNA were determined through normalization of copy numbers in samples as related to reference genes: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and hydroxymethylbilane synthase. Results on liver expression of the IGF-1 mRNA isoforms and IGF-1R transcript were compared to histological alterations in liver biopsies and with selected clinical data in the patients. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica PL v. 9 software. RESULTS The study showed differences in quantitative expression of IGF-1 mRNA variants in HCV-infected livers, as compared to the control. Higher relative expression of total IGF-1 mRNA and of IGF-1 mRNAs isoforms (P1, A, and C) in HCV-infected livers as compared to the control were detected. Within both groups, expression of the IGF-1A mRNA isoform significantly prevailed over expressions of B and C isoforms. Expression of P1 mRNA was higher than that of P2 only in CH-C. Very high positive correlations were detected between reciprocal expressions of IGF-1 mRNA isoforms P1 and P2 (r = 0.876). Expression of P1 and P2 mRNA correlated with IGF-1A mRNA (r = 0.891; r = 0.821, respectively), with IGF-1B mRNA (r = 0.854; r = 0.813, respectively), and with IGF-1C mRNA (r = 0.839; r = 0.741, respectively). Expression of IGF-1A mRNA significantly correlated with isoform B and C mRNA (r = 0.956; r = 0.869, respectively), and B with C isoforms (r = 0.868) (P < 0.05 in all cases). Lower expression of IGF-1A and B transcripts was noted in the more advanced liver grading (G2) as compared to G1. Multiple negative correlations were detected between expression of various IGF-1 transcripts and clinical data (e.g., alpha fetoprotein, HCV RNA, steatosis, grading, and staging). Expression of IGF-1R mRNA manifested positive correlation with grading and HCV-RNA. CONCLUSION Differences in quantitative expression of IGF-1 mRNA isoforms in HCV-infected livers, as compared to the control, suggest that HCV may induce alteration of IGF-1 splicing profile.

Salivary fingerprint of simple obesity

HighlightsSaliva of obese individuals contains increased concentrations of several mediators.TNF‐R1 and serpin A12 discriminate obesity with high sensitivity and specificity.Their levels correlate with plaque build‐up and inferior gingival status.Obesity, even without comorbidities, leads to distinct changes in the saliva. Background: The nature of a link between poor oral health and obesity is not fully understood. It is also unclear if saliva contributes to it and whether the properties of saliva change as a result of an increase in body mass or rather as a consequence of obesity‐associated comorbidities. This pilot study was undertaken in an attempt to determine if salivary biomarkers can identify obesity per se. Methods: Whole mixed saliva was analysed for 16 soluble parameters covering 4 categories (inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, adipokines). In the discovery group, 19 obese and 25 non‐obese women matched for age, with similar hygiene habits, with no comorbidities and not taking any medication known to affect saliva secretion were analysed. In the validation group, a cohort of no‐preselected 81 individuals (34 obese) were analysed. Results: Individuals with obesity had significantly higher salivary concentrations of several cytokines and adipokines, of which TNF‐R1, serpin A12 and PAI‐1 were identified as parameters discriminating between obese and non‐obese subjects with the highest sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: Obesity per se leads to distinct changes in the concentration of several parameters in saliva. These findings may have diagnostic implications for distinguishing the effects of obesity and obesity‐linked comorbidities on oral health.

Oral Health Status of Patients with Lysosomal Storage Diseases in Poland

Patients with lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) suffer from physical and mental disabilities, which together with poor access to professional care may lead to impaired oral health. This cross-sectional case-control study characterized the status of oral health in patients with LSDs in Poland. Thirty-six children and young adults with various forms of LSDs were examined. The data were compared with those from age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Exemplary cases were presented to highlight typical problems in oral care associated with LSDs. When possible, saliva was collected and analyzed for total protein, inflammatory mediators, and antioxidant status. Generally, patients with LSDs had significantly higher prevalence of caries, inferior gingival status, and inadequate oral hygiene. The severity of oral health impairment in mucopolysaccaridoses, the most common LSD in Poland, was similar to that seen in patients with mannosidoses or Pompe disease. Saliva could be collected only from few less handicapped patients. In MPS, it did not appear to differ significantly from the controls, but in patients with Pompe disease it contained lower concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), but higher levels of tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 (TNF-R1, TNF-R2) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). In conclusion, Polish patients with LSDs have an inadequate level of oral hygiene and substantially deteriorated oral health.

The Role of Stabilized Stannous Fluoride and Sodium Hexametaphosphate Contained in Toothpastes in Preventing Tartar Deposition and Tooth Discoloration

On the basis of the literature, the paper proves that toothpastes containing stabilized stannous fluoride – sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) effectively and safely reduce tartar formation. Inhibition of tartar, and thus the reservoir of the live bacteria, contribute to the reduction of periodontal inflammation. In vitro studies have shown that pyrophosphate inhibits the growth and mineralization of dental plaque by a chelate effect of the minerals. Showing a very strong affinity to the surface of hydroxyapatite, strongly bound to the tooth surface and tartar, and coating the new embryos, it inhibits the growth of mineral crystals. Tartar formation can be prevented through regular, proper tooth brushing using not only brushes but also dental floss and dentifrices which contain chemicals preventing calculus formation. The toothpastes remove external stains and their effectiveness is comparable to the whitening ones. They also have bleaching properties which are important because of the aesthetic aspect. SHMP was shown to be highly chemically active agent for stain prevention and reduction of the pellicle conditioning film thicknesses (Dent. Med. Probl. 2016, 53, 2, 273–277).