Annalisa Griffa

HF Radar Activity in European Coastal Seas: Next Steps toward a Pan-European HF Radar Network

High Frequency radar (HFR) is a land-based remote sensing instrument offering a unique insight to coastal ocean variability, by providing synoptic, high frequency and high resolution data at the ocean atmosphere interface. HFRs have become invaluable tools in the field of operational oceanography for measuring surface currents, waves and winds, with direct applications in different sectors and an unprecedented potential for the integrated management of the coastal zone. In Europe, the number of HFR networks has been showing a significant growth over the past ten years, with over 50 HFRs currently deployed and a number in the planning stage. There is also a growing literature concerning the use of this technology in research and operational oceanography. A big effort is made in Europe towards a coordinated development of coastal HFR technology and its products within the framework of different European and international initiatives. One recent initiative has been to make an up-to-date inventory of the existing HFR operational systems in Europe, describing the characteristics of the systems, their operational products and applications. This paper offers a comprehensive review on the present status of European HFR network, and discusses the next steps towards the integration of HFR platforms as operational components of the European Ocean Observing System, designed to align and integrate Europe’s ocean observing capacity for a truly integrated end-to-end observing system for the European coasts.

Lagrangian Analysis and Prediction of Coastal and Ocean Dynamics: Lagrangian data assimilation in ocean general circulation models

Introduction In the last 20 years, the deployment of surface and subsurface buoys has increased significantly, and the scientific community is now focusing on the development of new techniques to maximize the use of these data. As shown by Davis (1983, 1991), oceanic observations of quasi-Lagrangian floats provide a useful and direct description of lateral advection and eddy dispersal. Data from surface drifters and subsurface floats have been intensively used to describe the main statistics of the general circulation in most of the world ocean, in terms of mean flow structure, second-order statistics and transport properties (e.g. Owens, 1991; Richardson, 1993; Fratantoni, 2001; Zhang et al ., 2001; Bauer et al ., 2002; Niiler et al ., 2003; Reverdin et al ., 2003). Translation, swirl speed and evolution of surface temperature in warm-core rings, which are ubiquitous in the oceans, have also been studied with floats by releasing them inside of the eddies (Hansen and Maul, 1991). Trajectories of freely drifting buoys allow estimation of horizontal divergence and vertical velocity in the mixed layer (Poulain, 1993). Also, data from drifters allows investigation of properties and statistics of near-inertial waves, which provide much of the shear responsible for mixing in the upper thermocline and entrainment at the base of the mixed layer (Poulain et al ., 1992). Drifters have proved to be robust autonomous platforms with which to observe ocean circulation and return data from a variety of sensors.

Biodiversity conservation: an example of a multidisciplinary approach to marine dispersal

The general aim of this paper is to present a possible multidisciplinary approach to the problem of connectivity among marine protected areas (MPAs) describing some of the mechanisms and vectors that control the dispersal of propagules among spatially distributed marine communities of MPAs in the Southern Adriatic Sea. A joint approach is described that focuses on (a) measurements of surface water current and model data integrated with a dedicated software (LAVA, LAgrangian Variational Analysis), (b) measurements of rafting objects and their evaluation as an alternative way to species dispersal, and (c) a tool to automatically monitor propagules and plankton species in the water column. Studies on the dynamics of water currents demonstrated that the Gargano area has the potential to supply dispersal propagules to the Southern Adriatic both along the Italian coastline and offshore across the basin, thus providing important services to the dispersal processes and the connectivity routes among MPAs. The natural dispersion is however enhanced by floating objects, on which entire marine communities are living and travelling. The number of these objects has greatly increased with the introduction of human litter: in the Adriatic, man-made litter composes nowadays the majority (79 %) of all floating objects, with this corresponding to an almost fourfold increase in the abundance of floating objects since pre-industrial times. Such enhanced dispersion may benefit transmission of propagules from MPAs along biodiversity corridors, but may also enhance the arrival of invasive species. The direct observation of organisms can provide information on the species distribution and mobility. New technology (GUARD-1 system) has been developed to automatically identify spatial or temporal distributions of selected species in the water column by image analysis. The system has so far successfully detected blooms of ctenophores in the water column and is now being tested for identification of other zooplankton groups, such as copepods, as well as marine litter. This low-cost, long-lasting imaging system can be hosted on mobile devices such as drifters, which makes it very suitable for biological dispersal studies.

Lagrangian Analysis and Prediction of Coastal and Ocean Dynamics: Plate section

Written by a group of international experts in their field, this book is a review of Lagrangian observation, analysis and assimilation methods in physical and biological oceanography. In recent years a large number of floating and drifting research buoys have been deployed in the global oceans to study the state of the ocean and its variation in terms of water mass properties, circulation and heat transport. Lagrangian techniques are required to analyze the data from these buoys. This multidisciplinary text contains observations, theory, numerical simulations, and analysis techniques. It presents new results on nonlinear analysis of Lagrangian dynamics, the prediction of particle trajectories, and Lagrangian stochastic models. It includes chapters on floats and drifters, Lagrangianbased analysis methods and models in marine biology, the statistics of particle trajectories in the ocean, numerical simulations and their relationship with classical turbulence results, and nonlinear Lagrangian-based theory for studying ocean transport and particle trajectories. The book contains historical information, up-to-date developments, and speculation on future developments in Lagrangian-based observations, analysis, and modeling of physical and biological systems. Containing contributions from experimentalists, theoreticians, and modelers in the fields of physical oceanography, marine biology, mathematics, and meteorology this book will be of great interest to researchers and graduate students looking for both practical applications and information on the theory of transport and dispersion in physical systems, biological modeling, and data assimilation.

Lagrangian Analysis and Prediction of Coastal and Ocean Dynamics: Frontmatter

Preface 1. Evolution of Lagrangian methods in oceanography T. Rossby 2. Measuring surface currents with Surface Velocity Program drifters: the instrument, its data, and some recent results R. Lumpkin and M. Pazos 3. Favourite trajectories A. S. Bower, H. Furey, S. Grodsky, J. Carton, L. R. Centurioni, P. P. Niiler, Y. Kim, D.-K. Lee, V.A. Sheremet, N. Garfield, C. A. Collins, T. A. Rago, R. Paquette, V. Kourafalou, E. Williams, T. Lee, M. Lankhorst, W. Zenk, A. J. Mariano, E. H. Ryan, P.-N. Poulain, H. Valdimarsson and S.-A. Malmberg 4. Particle motion in a sea of eddies C. Pasquero, A. Bracco, A. Provenzale and J. B. Weiss 5. Inertial particle dynamics on the rotating Earth N. Paldor 6. Predictability of Lagrangian motion in the upper ocean L. I. Piterbarg, T. M. Ozgokmen, A. Griffa and A. J. Mariano 7. Lagrangian data assimilation in ocean general circulation models A. Molcard, T. M. Ozgokmen, A. Griffa, L. I. Piterbarg and T. M. Chin 8. Dynamic consistency and Lagrangian data in oceanography: mapping, assimilation and optimization schemes T. M. Chin, K. Ide, C. K. R. T. Jones, L. Kuznetsov and A. J. Mariano 9. Observing turbulence regimes and Lagrangian dispersal properties in the ocean V. Rupolo 10. Lagrangian biophysical dynamics D. B. Olson 11. Plankton: Lagrangian inhabitants of the sea G. L. Hitchcock and R. K. Cowen 12. A Lagrangian stochastic model for the dynamics of a stage structured population. Application to a copepod population G. Buffoni, M. G. Mazzocchi and S. Pasquali 13. Lagrangian analysis and prediction of coastal and ocean dynamics (LAPCOD) A. J. Mariano and E. H. Ryan.

Lagrangian Analysis and Prediction of Coastal and Ocean Dynamics: Index

Preface 1. Evolution of Lagrangian methods in oceanography T. Rossby 2. Measuring surface currents with Surface Velocity Program drifters: the instrument, its data, and some recent results R. Lumpkin and M. Pazos 3. Favourite trajectories A. S. Bower, H. Furey, S. Grodsky, J. Carton, L. R. Centurioni, P. P. Niiler, Y. Kim, D.-K. Lee, V.A. Sheremet, N. Garfield, C. A. Collins, T. A. Rago, R. Paquette, V. Kourafalou, E. Williams, T. Lee, M. Lankhorst, W. Zenk, A. J. Mariano, E. H. Ryan, P.-N. Poulain, H. Valdimarsson and S.-A. Malmberg 4. Particle motion in a sea of eddies C. Pasquero, A. Bracco, A. Provenzale and J. B. Weiss 5. Inertial particle dynamics on the rotating Earth N. Paldor 6. Predictability of Lagrangian motion in the upper ocean L. I. Piterbarg, T. M. Ozgokmen, A. Griffa and A. J. Mariano 7. Lagrangian data assimilation in ocean general circulation models A. Molcard, T. M. Ozgokmen, A. Griffa, L. I. Piterbarg and T. M. Chin 8. Dynamic consistency and Lagrangian data in oceanography: mapping, assimilation and optimization schemes T. M. Chin, K. Ide, C. K. R. T. Jones, L. Kuznetsov and A. J. Mariano 9. Observing turbulence regimes and Lagrangian dispersal properties in the ocean V. Rupolo 10. Lagrangian biophysical dynamics D. B. Olson 11. Plankton: Lagrangian inhabitants of the sea G. L. Hitchcock and R. K. Cowen 12. A Lagrangian stochastic model for the dynamics of a stage structured population. Application to a copepod population G. Buffoni, M. G. Mazzocchi and S. Pasquali 13. Lagrangian analysis and prediction of coastal and ocean dynamics (LAPCOD) A. J. Mariano and E. H. Ryan.

Lagrangian Analysis and Prediction of Coastal and Ocean Dynamics: List of contributors

Preface 1. Evolution of Lagrangian methods in oceanography T. Rossby 2. Measuring surface currents with Surface Velocity Program drifters: the instrument, its data, and some recent results R. Lumpkin and M. Pazos 3. Favourite trajectories A. S. Bower, H. Furey, S. Grodsky, J. Carton, L. R. Centurioni, P. P. Niiler, Y. Kim, D.-K. Lee, V.A. Sheremet, N. Garfield, C. A. Collins, T. A. Rago, R. Paquette, V. Kourafalou, E. Williams, T. Lee, M. Lankhorst, W. Zenk, A. J. Mariano, E. H. Ryan, P.-N. Poulain, H. Valdimarsson and S.-A. Malmberg 4. Particle motion in a sea of eddies C. Pasquero, A. Bracco, A. Provenzale and J. B. Weiss 5. Inertial particle dynamics on the rotating Earth N. Paldor 6. Predictability of Lagrangian motion in the upper ocean L. I. Piterbarg, T. M. Ozgokmen, A. Griffa and A. J. Mariano 7. Lagrangian data assimilation in ocean general circulation models A. Molcard, T. M. Ozgokmen, A. Griffa, L. I. Piterbarg and T. M. Chin 8. Dynamic consistency and Lagrangian data in oceanography: mapping, assimilation and optimization schemes T. M. Chin, K. Ide, C. K. R. T. Jones, L. Kuznetsov and A. J. Mariano 9. Observing turbulence regimes and Lagrangian dispersal properties in the ocean V. Rupolo 10. Lagrangian biophysical dynamics D. B. Olson 11. Plankton: Lagrangian inhabitants of the sea G. L. Hitchcock and R. K. Cowen 12. A Lagrangian stochastic model for the dynamics of a stage structured population. Application to a copepod population G. Buffoni, M. G. Mazzocchi and S. Pasquali 13. Lagrangian analysis and prediction of coastal and ocean dynamics (LAPCOD) A. J. Mariano and E. H. Ryan.

Lagrangian Analysis and Prediction of Coastal and Ocean Dynamics: Contents

Preface 1. Evolution of Lagrangian methods in oceanography T. Rossby 2. Measuring surface currents with Surface Velocity Program drifters: the instrument, its data, and some recent results R. Lumpkin and M. Pazos 3. Favourite trajectories A. S. Bower, H. Furey, S. Grodsky, J. Carton, L. R. Centurioni, P. P. Niiler, Y. Kim, D.-K. Lee, V.A. Sheremet, N. Garfield, C. A. Collins, T. A. Rago, R. Paquette, V. Kourafalou, E. Williams, T. Lee, M. Lankhorst, W. Zenk, A. J. Mariano, E. H. Ryan, P.-N. Poulain, H. Valdimarsson and S.-A. Malmberg 4. Particle motion in a sea of eddies C. Pasquero, A. Bracco, A. Provenzale and J. B. Weiss 5. Inertial particle dynamics on the rotating Earth N. Paldor 6. Predictability of Lagrangian motion in the upper ocean L. I. Piterbarg, T. M. Ozgokmen, A. Griffa and A. J. Mariano 7. Lagrangian data assimilation in ocean general circulation models A. Molcard, T. M. Ozgokmen, A. Griffa, L. I. Piterbarg and T. M. Chin 8. Dynamic consistency and Lagrangian data in oceanography: mapping, assimilation and optimization schemes T. M. Chin, K. Ide, C. K. R. T. Jones, L. Kuznetsov and A. J. Mariano 9. Observing turbulence regimes and Lagrangian dispersal properties in the ocean V. Rupolo 10. Lagrangian biophysical dynamics D. B. Olson 11. Plankton: Lagrangian inhabitants of the sea G. L. Hitchcock and R. K. Cowen 12. A Lagrangian stochastic model for the dynamics of a stage structured population. Application to a copepod population G. Buffoni, M. G. Mazzocchi and S. Pasquali 13. Lagrangian analysis and prediction of coastal and ocean dynamics (LAPCOD) A. J. Mariano and E. H. Ryan.