Anne O. Krueger

Trade, Growth, and Poverty: A Selective Survey

A hollow tubular actuator device operates through an enclosure formed by aligned holes in multiple floppy type storage disks. The disks, separated by interposed ventilating spacers, are clamped between inflexible end plates in a closely spaced continually rotating stack assembly. The actuator preferably rotates with the stack and translates axially relative to the disks and spacers. The actuator has a slotted opening for transmitting variable pressure to a selected spacer (address) in the stack and thereby varies the aggregate pressure equilibrium in the stack due to centrifugal air flow. This acts to deflect the orbits of disks peripherally, on either side of the selected address space, forming a gap useful for obtaining external access to otherwise inaccessible storage surfaces adjacent the selected space.

The Political Economy of International Trade: Essays in Honour of Robert E. Baldwin.

Part 1: Theory of trade policy with imperfect information Avinash Dixit strategic trade policy and the new international economics a critical analysis, Gottfried Haverlay the role of services in production and international trade a theoretical framework, Ronald W.Jones and Henry Kierzkowski the coefficient of trade utilization - back to the Baldwin envelope, James E Anderson and J.Peter Neary. Part 2: Trade policy issues, reflections on uniform taxation, Arnold C.Harberger intellectual property rights and north-south trade, Judith C.Chin and Gene M.Grossman optimal tariff retaliation rules, David F. Burgess international trade in capital and capital goods, Rachel McCulloch and J.David Richardson. Part 3 Political economy of trade policy asymmetries in policy between exportables and import-competing goods, Anne D.Krueger trade policy, development, and the new political economy, Gerald M.Meier does 1992 come before or after 1990? on regional versus multilateral integration, Andre Sapir. Part 4: empirical studies of trade issues the structure and effects of tariff and non-tariff barriers in 1983, Edward Leamer a computational analysis of alternative safe guards of policy scenarios in international trade, Alan V. Deardorff and Robert M. Stern direct foreign investments and trade in east and southeast Asia, Seiji Naya.

Trade and Employment in Developing Countries, Volume 3: Synthesis and Conclusions

Factor Supply and Substitution , the second in a three-volume study entitled Trade and Employment in Developing Countries , extends the analysis of trade regimes and employment both in depth for single countries and through cross-country analyses. It provides important new evidence of the effects of different trade policies and of the effects of the various factors that make up these policies—exchange rates, wages, social insurance and other taxes, credit, prices, and so on. All six studies reflect a carefully coordinated research strategy that has been carried out by a first-rate team. The researchers combine technical expertise with specialized knowledge of the individual countries.

Growth of factor productivity in Turkish manufacturing industries

Abstract This paper presents estimates of rates of total factor productivity ( TFP ) growth for two-digit manufacturing industries in Turkey over the period 1963 to 1976. Estimates are presented separately for the public and private enterprises in each industry. It is shown that periods of slower productivity growth coincided with periods of a more stringent traderegime. It is also shown that, despite the fact that the rate of growth of TFP was about the same in the public and private sectors, absolute levels of inputs in the public sector enterprises are much higher than in their private sector counterparts.

Economic policy reforms and the Indian economy

India is the second most populous country in the world and also one of the poorest. From the late 1940s to 1980, Indias per capita income grew at an average annual rate of only two percent. Expansionist economic reforms during the 1980s boosted economic growth but also unfortunately resulted in high inflation and a balance of payments crisis. As a consequence, in 1991 the government announced sweeping new changes in economic policies. Economic Policy Reforms and the Indian Economy evaluates the effects of those changes and identifies areas of the Indian economy still in urgent need of reform. After an overview of Indian economic policies and development since independence, papers focus on the countrys fiscal situation, the environment for private economic activity, education, the reservation of certain activities for small-scale industry, and determinants of differentials in rates of growth across the different Indian states. Contributors include respected academic specialists on India and policy reform, high-level Indian administrators, and present and past policymakers.

Free trade agreements versus customs unions

Until NAFTA, analyses of preferential trading arrangements began by assuming a customs union with a common external tariff, and the differences between customs unions and free trade agreements (FTAs) have been little analyzed. This paper points to some of the differences between FTAs and customs unions, and shows that on welfare grounds a customs union is always Pareto-superior to an FTA. Moreover, the political economy of FTAs will lead to more opposition to further multilateral trade liberalization than will customs unions.

The Missing Middle

The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence, and argue, that stunning as India’s success is, the potential – and need – is for still more reform and more rapid growth. 8 percent is a good rate of growth, but many are destined needlessly to be left behind for years to come if current trends persist: if growth in output and employment of unskilled-laborintensive manufacturing industries remains on its current trajectory, India is at risk of bifurcating the economy, with those benefiting from growth and those left out.

Evaluating Restrictionist Trade Regimes: Theory and Measurement

This paper contains a comparison of the effective tariff and domestic resource cost measures. It is shown that, under four stringent conditions, these measures yield identical rankings of activities when the tariff equivalents of trade restrictions are used in the computation. When any of the conditions are absent, the domestic resource cost measure is superior for evaluating the economic costs of trade restrictions or for deciding among alternative investment projects. If there is no substitution among factors and purchased inputs, the effective tariff measure provides a better predictor of the resource pulls resulting from a given set of trade barriers.

Developing Countries and the Next Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations

Developing countries became full-fledged participants in multilateral trade negotiations only with the Uruguay Round, during which they succeeded in bringing agriculture into the GATT/WTO, reaching agreement on phasing out the Multi-Fibre Arrangement within ten years, and beginning work on services, among other things. Their overriding interest in the new round is still to ensure the healthy expansion of an open multilateral trading system. Developing countries should seek across-the-board liberalization rather than zero-for-zero reductions, which tend to favor the interest of industrial countries (which focus on sectors in which they have comparative advantage) and diminish the support for further cuts. Liberalization of agricultural trade provides important opportunities. Developing countries have a considerable stake in reducing agricultural protection and subsidies and prohibiting agricultural taxes and export quotas. Of particular interest are agreements covering services - including, for example, agreements on ways to permit the temporary immigration of construction workers. It is important that labor standards not be used to stifle competition from labor-abundant developing countries - that any agreement about labor standards not raise the costs of unskilled labor in countries whose comparative advantage lies in exported products that use unskilled labor extensively - and that excessively high product standards not be imposed. Developing countries can increase their leverage substantially by forming coalitions based on common interests in a wide range of areas (as the Cairns group did in the Uruguay Round).

CAPITAL FLIGHT FROM LDCs: A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a statistical analysis of capital flight from less developed countries (LDCs). Unlike with the imports of LDCs, a significant part of the export sector is usually free from very large subsidies and taxes and the export duties on traditional exports are usually well-balanced by subsidies on nontraditional exports. Hence, no pronounced effect of trade tax and subsidy policies need be expected to affect the trade declarations in the direction of either net overinvoicing or net underinvoicing of exports. Altogether 7 LDCs show a percentage excess of imports over exports, on exports, of over 10% for total trade, with 6 more LDCs having a positive (but less than 10%) excess and 15 LDCs having a negative excess figure. Imports are c.i.f. and exports are f.o.b., and this discrepancy may be taken at an average figure of 10% on f.o.b. value; 7 LDCs with excess on top of 10% are clear overinvoicers whereas all the rest are not, while those having negative figures are probably clear underinvoicer. However, if imports are overinvoiced (underinvoiced), the importer must sell (buy) in the black market an amount of foreign exchange equal to the difference between the correct and the faked price on the invoice. Hence, two critical variables in his decision will clearly be the duty and the black market premium on foreign exchange. The asymmetry of conduit behavior for capital flight, in the exports and imports of LDCs is, on the other hand, a conclusion of great interest to policymakers in these countries.