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Dive into the research topics where Annie Reinhardt is active.

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Featured researches published by Annie Reinhardt.


Behaviour | 1981

Cohesive Relationships in a Cattle Herd (Bos Indicus)

Viktor Reinhardt; Annie Reinhardt

Cohesive relationships were studied in a semi-wild cattle herd and traced over periods of three to five years. It became evident that mother cows prefer their female and male progeny over non-related calves as grooming and as grazing partners. These associations could always be verified during the first three years and often during the fourth and fifth year as well, the descendants already being sexually fully mature. Comparable personal attachments also existing between siblings, the ensuing family units were strikingly stable and cohesive. Interindividual associations lasting for several years could also be found between non-related descendants of the herd but also between non-related cows. The analytical data led to the conclusion that in natural cattle herds the social structure is based on matriarchal families which in their turn are interconnected by means of friendship relationships between non-kin partners.


Folia Primatologica | 1986

Hair Pulling and Eating in Captive Rhesus Monkey Troops

Viktor Reinhardt; Annie Reinhardt; Dan Houser

Hair pulling and eating has not yet received attention in the nonhuman primate literature. Hair pulling and eating was recorded 388 times in two heterogeneous troops of healthy rhesus monkeys that were kept according to modern management practices. The behavior in question consists of the following sequence: pulling with the fingers (1/3 of cases) or with the teeth (2/3 of cases) tufts of hair from ones own or from a partners coat; chewing the hair and finally swallowing it; the undigested material is excreted in the feces. Hair pulling was almost exclusively (378/388) partner-directed. It was observed 364 times between animals whose dominance relationships were known; it was performed in 96% (349/364) of observations by a dominant but only in 4% (15/364) of observations by a subordinate monkey. The recipient of hair pulling showed typical fear and/or avoidance reactions. In both troops young animals (2-8 years of age) engaged in hair pulling and eating significantly more often than old animals (10-26 years of age). There was no evidence that nutritional, toxicological or climatic factors were responsible for the manifestation of this behavior. It was concluded that, similar to trichotillomania in man, wool pulling and eating in sheep and muskox, and feather picking in poultry, hair pulling and eating is an aggressive behavioral disorder in rhesus monkeys reflecting adjustment problems to a stressful environment.


Behaviour | 1982

Mock Fighting in Cattle

Viktor; Annie Reinhardt

[Ein Scheinkampf zwischen zwei Rindern setzt sich aus folgender Verhaltenssequenz zusammen : 1. Aufforderung; hierbei wird die Spielbereitschaft durch freundlichbeschwichtigende Ausdruckweisen kundgegeben. 2. Hornspiel; die beiden Partner reiben sich gegenseitig mit der Stirn und forkeln behutsam mit den Hornern. 3. Gegenseitiges hin-und-her Schieben. 4. Plotzliches voneinander Ablassen ohne weitere Konsequenz. Scheinkampfen wurde in einer halb-wilden Bos indicus Herde beobachtet. Es kam bei Tieren beiderlei Geschlechts und aller Altersklassen vor. Kalber begannen in der zweiten Lebenswoche miteinander scheinzukampfen. Sie waren ofters in Scheinkampfe verwickelt als erwachsene Rinder. Zwischen den Adulten und den Kalbern kam es nur selten zu Scheinkampfen; diese beschrankten sich fast ausschlieslich auf Mutterkuhe und deren Nachkommen. Ab dem vierten Lebensmonat beteiligten sich mannliche Tiere wesentlich mehr am Scheinkampfen als weibliche. Scheinkampfe zwischen den Geschlechtern kamen selten vor. Die ontogenetische Entwicklung des Scheinkampfens zwischen mannlichen Tieren erwies sich als bimodal: Zwischen dem vierten und zehnten Monat ergab sich eine hohe Aktivitat, der zwischen dem 11. und 15. Monat ein deutlicher Abfall folgte. Ein zweiter, sehr auffallender Anstieg stellte sich zwischen dem 16. und 20. Monat ein. Die Entwicklung des Scheinkampfens erwies sich als unabhangig von jener aggressiv motivierter Verhaltensweisen. Zu Scheinkampfen kam es vornehmlich zwischen Partnern des gleichen Geschlechts, die sich sowohl im Alter als auch im sozialen Rang nahestanden. Es wurde gefolgert, das das Scheinkampfen ein typisch mannliches, nicht aggressiv motiviertes Verhalten ist. Es dient dazu, Bewegungsablaufe zu uben, die im Ernstkampf verwendet werden. Gleichzeitig werden im freundlichen Scheinkampf aggressive spannungen zwischen Herdenkumpanen abgebaut und durch das gegenseitige Kraftemessen soziale Rangbeziehungen entwickelt und bekraftigt., Ein Scheinkampf zwischen zwei Rindern setzt sich aus folgender Verhaltenssequenz zusammen : 1. Aufforderung; hierbei wird die Spielbereitschaft durch freundlichbeschwichtigende Ausdruckweisen kundgegeben. 2. Hornspiel; die beiden Partner reiben sich gegenseitig mit der Stirn und forkeln behutsam mit den Hornern. 3. Gegenseitiges hin-und-her Schieben. 4. Plotzliches voneinander Ablassen ohne weitere Konsequenz. Scheinkampfen wurde in einer halb-wilden Bos indicus Herde beobachtet. Es kam bei Tieren beiderlei Geschlechts und aller Altersklassen vor. Kalber begannen in der zweiten Lebenswoche miteinander scheinzukampfen. Sie waren ofters in Scheinkampfe verwickelt als erwachsene Rinder. Zwischen den Adulten und den Kalbern kam es nur selten zu Scheinkampfen; diese beschrankten sich fast ausschlieslich auf Mutterkuhe und deren Nachkommen. Ab dem vierten Lebensmonat beteiligten sich mannliche Tiere wesentlich mehr am Scheinkampfen als weibliche. Scheinkampfe zwischen den Geschlechtern kamen selten vor. Die ontogenetische Entwicklung des Scheinkampfens zwischen mannlichen Tieren erwies sich als bimodal: Zwischen dem vierten und zehnten Monat ergab sich eine hohe Aktivitat, der zwischen dem 11. und 15. Monat ein deutlicher Abfall folgte. Ein zweiter, sehr auffallender Anstieg stellte sich zwischen dem 16. und 20. Monat ein. Die Entwicklung des Scheinkampfens erwies sich als unabhangig von jener aggressiv motivierter Verhaltensweisen. Zu Scheinkampfen kam es vornehmlich zwischen Partnern des gleichen Geschlechts, die sich sowohl im Alter als auch im sozialen Rang nahestanden. Es wurde gefolgert, das das Scheinkampfen ein typisch mannliches, nicht aggressiv motiviertes Verhalten ist. Es dient dazu, Bewegungsablaufe zu uben, die im Ernstkampf verwendet werden. Gleichzeitig werden im freundlichen Scheinkampf aggressive spannungen zwischen Herdenkumpanen abgebaut und durch das gegenseitige Kraftemessen soziale Rangbeziehungen entwickelt und bekraftigt.]


Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science | 2000

Blood Collection Procedure of Laboratory Primates: A Neglected Variable in Biomedical Research

Viktor Reinhardt; Annie Reinhardt

A survey of 75 biomedical articles dealing with stress-dependent blood parameters in caged primates revealed that the conditions under which blood collection occurred were in most cases described either not at all or so haphazardly that it would be impossible to determine if humane handling procedures were used and basic principles of scientific methodology applied. These findings were unexpected because there is ample scientific evidence not only that stress-sensitive research data are influenced by traditional blood sampling procedures, but also that those data-biasing effects can be avoided. If dependent variables of the blood collection procedure are not controlled, data variability will increase, automatically increasing the number of animals needed for statistical analysis. For ethical and scientific reasons, it was recommended that editors of biomedical journals require authors to provide sufficient information of the blood collection--and, when applicable, the sedative injection--procedure to ensure that the experiment was done with the smallest number of animals possible to achieve statistical significance and that the investigation can be replicated reliably in another laboratory and the research data interpreted with reasonable accuracy.


Folia Primatologica | 1986

Does Intermale Mounting Function as a Dominance Demonstration in Rhesus Monkeys

Viktor Reinhardt; Annie Reinhardt; Fred B. Bercovitch; Robert W. Goy

The relationship between dominance and intermale mounting was analyzed in two troops of captive rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The data did not support the assumption that mounting among males functions as a dominance demonstration as described in the literature because mounting commonly (63% of 65 dyads) occurred in a bidirectional fashion, and mounting not only was performed by dominant males but also was shown with regularity (36% of 521 cases) by subordinate males. Intermale mounting was often (37% of 521 cases) associated with amicable interactions--commonly preceding them--but it was only rarely (2%) associated with dominance-subordination behaviors. It was concluded that intermale mounting may serve as a socially cohesive behavior in rhesus monkeys by promoting nonagonistic contact.


Folia Primatologica | 1987

Prompted Progression Order in a Troop of Captive Rhesus Monkeys

Viktor Reinhardt; Annie Reinhardt; Dan Houser

It is a routine practice to subject captive groups of primates to single-file movement; yet no records on the sequences of such progressions have been published. The present study analyzes the progression sequence during prompted single-file movement for the purpose of routine weighing in a captive troop of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The animals had to overcome fear before leaving their home pen; nonetheless, they left in a well-defined, stable sequence. An individuals position in this progression order as well as the consistency with which it retained its place were dependent on its age but not on its dominance status. It was suggested that the monkeys gradually learned with age to master their fear with the prospect of quickly returning to their home pen.


Applied Animal Behaviour Science | 1987

Control of excessive aggressive disturbance in a heterogeneous troop of rhesus monkeys

Viktor Reinhardt; Annie Reinhardt; Steve Eisele; Dan Houser; John Wolf

Abstract Aggressive behavior was recorded in a heterogeneous troop of captive rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) that was experiencing excessive aggressive disturbance. Ethological observations revealed that the troops aggression problem was related to two conspicuously aggressive animals. The removal of these two resulted in a marked decrease (P


Archive | 1997

Comfortable quarters for laboratory animals

Viktor Reinhardt; Annie Reinhardt


Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science | 2000

The lower row monkey cage: an overlooked variable in biomedical research.

Viktor Reinhardt; Annie Reinhardt


Behaviour | 1987

Evaluating Sex Differences in Aggressiveness in Cattle, Bison and Rhesus Monkeys

Viktor Reinhardt; Annie Reinhardt; Catherine Reinhardt

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Viktor Reinhardt

University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Dan Houser

University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Viktor Reinhardt

University of Wisconsin-Madison

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