Anthony J. Kerrigan

Neuromuscular fatigue in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy

OBJECTIVE To determine the etiology of fatigue in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy (RT). METHODS Thirteen prescreened men (60 to 76 years in age, 58 to 130 kg in body weight) were evaluated for neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, cardiopulmonary fatigue (CPF), and psychological-subjective fatigue (PSF) at 1 to 2 weeks before RT (Pre), at the end of 8 weeks of RT (RT), and at 5 to 6 weeks after completion of RT (Post). OUTCOME MEASURES For NMF, the TA muscle was fatigued by sustained isometric contraction at 80% of maximum voluntary contraction for 60 seconds on a force dynamometer. Neuromuscular efficiency (NME) expressed as a ratio of isometric force (in Newtons) and respective integrated electromyograms were measured. For CPF, stress testing was performed on a treadmill using the modified Bruce protocol. Piper Fatigue Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale were administered to evaluate PSF. DATA ANALYSIS Paired t tests, single factor analysis of variance, and nonparametric analysis. RESULTS At RT, there was a significant decline in NME of TA at the beginning (18.4%, p < .01) and the end (29.2%, p < .001) of sustained muscle contraction for 60 seconds. Post values were lower but nonsignificant in comparison with Pre values. NME recovered within 5 to 6 weeks after RT. No abnormalities were detected in CPF or PSF. No correlation was found between the decline in NME and psychological status of the patients. CONCLUSION Results provide definitive evidence of transient decline in NME in prostate cancer patients at the completion of RT. The effect seems to be specific for neuromuscular performance alone and is independent of the cardiovascular or psychological status of the patients.

Sexuality in persons with lower extremity amputations.

PURPOSE There is a paucity of information regarding sexual functioning in persons with lower extremity amputations. The purpose of this study was to describe sexual and psychological functioning and health status in persons with lower extremity amputation. METHODS Self-report surveys assessed sexual functioning (Derogatis Inventory), depression (Beck Depression Inventory, anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), and health status (Health Status Questionnaire) in a convenience sample of 30 men with lower extremity amputations. Mean age of the participants was 57 years (range 32-79). Mean duration since amputation was 23 months (range 3-634 months). Twenty one subjects (70%) had trans-tibial and seven subjects (23%) had trans-femoral amputations. RESULTS A majority of subjects were experiencing problems in several domains of sexual functioning. Fifty three percent (n = 16) of the subjects were engaged in sexual intercourse or oral sex at least once a month. Twenty seven percent (n = 8) were masturbating at least once a month. Nineteen subjects (63%) reported orgasmic problems and 67% were experiencing erectile difficulties. Despite these problems, interest in sex was high in over 90% of the subjects. There was no evidence of increased prevalence of depression or anxiety in these subjects when compared to other outpatient adult populations. CONCLUSIONS Sexual problems were common in the subjects studied. Despite these problems, interest in sex remained high. Few investigations have been directed toward identifying the psychological and social factors that may contribute to these problems and more research with a larger population is needed in this area.Purpose : There is a paucity of information regarding sexual functioning in persons with lower extremity amputations. The purpose of this study was to describe sexual and psychological functioning and health status in persons with lower extremity amputation. Methods : Self-report surveys assessed sexual functioning (Derogatis Inventory), depression (Beck Depression Inventory, anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), and health status (Health Status Questionnaire) in a convenience sample of 30 men with lower extremity amputations. Mean age of the participants was 57 years (range 32-79). Mean duration since amputation was 23 months (range 3-634 months). Twenty one subjects (70%) had trans-tibial and seven subjects (23%) had trans-femoral amputations. Results : A majority of subjects were experiencing problems in several domains of sexual functioning. Fifty three percent ( n = 16) of the subjects were engaged in sexual intercourse or oral sex at least once a month. Twenty seven percent ( n = 8) were masturbating at least once a month. Nineteen subjects (63%) reported orgasmic problems and 67% were experiencing erectile difficulties. Despite these problems, interest in sex was high in over 90% of the subjects. There was no evidence of increased prevalence of depression or anxiety in these subjects when compared to other outpatient adult populations. Conclusions : Sexual problems were common in the subjects studied. Despite these problems, interest in sex remained high. Few investigations have been directed toward identifying the psychological and social factors that may contribute to these problems and more research with a larger population is needed in this area.

Effectiveness of Supported Employment for Veterans With Spinal Cord Injuries: Results From a Randomized Multisite Study

OBJECTIVE To examine whether supported employment (SE) is more effective than treatment as usual (TAU) in returning veterans to competitive employment after spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled, multisite trial of SE versus TAU for vocational issues with 12 months of follow-up data. SETTING SCI centers in the Veterans Health Administration. PARTICIPANTS Subjects (N=201) were enrolled and completed baseline interviews. In interventional sites, subjects were randomly assigned to the SE condition (n=81) or the TAU condition (treatment as usual-interventional site [TAU-IS], n=76). In observational sites where the SE program was not available, 44 subjects were enrolled in a nonrandomized TAU condition (treatment as usual-observational site [TAU-OS]). INTERVENTIONS The intervention consisted of an SE vocational rehabilitation program called the Spinal Cord Injury Vocational Integration Program, which adhered as closely as possible to principles of SE as developed and described in the individual placement and support model of SE for persons with mental illness. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary study outcome measurement was competitive employment in the community. RESULTS Subjects in the SE group were 2.5 times more likely than the TAU-IS group and 11.4 times more likely than the TAU-OS group to obtain competitive employment. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first and only controlled study of a specific vocational rehabilitation program to report improved employment outcomes for persons with SCI. SE, a well-prescribed method of integrated vocational care, was superior to usual practices in improving employment outcomes for veterans with SCI.

Longitudinal study of quality of life in patients with localized prostate cancer undergoing radiotherapy

This study prospectively evaluated quality of life (QOL) in localized prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy, and it examined the relationships between QOL, depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. Instruments that were used are Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy for Prostate (FACT-P), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Piper Fatigue Scale (PFS), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). We evaluated patients at preradiotherapy (PRT), midway radiotherapy (MRT), completion of radiotherapy (CRT), follow-up radiotherapy (4 to 8 wk) (FRT), and long-term follow-up radiotherapy (FRT2) (12 mo or more). Forty participants with a mean age of 67.8 yr were studied. Duration of radiotherapy was 7-8 wk. Mean long-term follow-up period post-CRT was 16.2 mo (range 12- 24 mo). All patients had clinical T1c to T2b prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Specific (PCS) and Physical Well-Being (PWB) subscales of FACT-P, scores at MRT and CRT were significantly lower than at PRT. At FRT2, PWB scores declined further, while PCS scores increased. PFS median scores were significantly higher at CRT and at FRT2 as compared with PRT. Patients scoring higher on PFS were more likely to report a poorer QOL and PWB as measured with FACT-P questionnaire. No significant changes were noted in the BDI and ESS scores during the study periods. The PWB declined during and at CRT and worsened at FRT2. Decline in PCS subscale scores during and at CRT reflects worsening of urinary symptoms and appearance of bowel problems. The scores improved at long-term follow-up. A relationship was found to exist between physical well-being and fatigue.

Maternal Serum Screening: Results Disclosure, Anxiety, and Risk Perception

Although increased maternal anxiety following the disclosure of positive second-trimester maternal serum screen (MSS) results has been well documented, how this anxiety correlates with the method of results disclosure has not been well defined. This pilot study aimed to determine how abnormal second-trimester MSS results are disclosed, the level of anxiety experienced by women as a result of this disclosure, and the accuracy of their risk perception. Women referred for prenatal genetic counseling were asked to complete a questionnaire including demographics, standardized Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, results disclosure information, and perceived risk. Of the 561 questionnaires distributed, 388 (69.2%) women chose to participate. Of the 136 participants referred for an abnormal MSS, 125 (91.9%) were aware of this indication and elected to complete the results disclosure portion of the questionnaire. The average anxiety level was not significantly different based on the method of results disclosure or who reported the results. We did not identify a definite cause for the anxiety experienced by women receiving abnormal MSS results; however, this study illustrates the need for further research to identify factors that contribute to the elevated anxiety experienced by these women.

Vocational rehabilitation of participants with severe substance use disorders in a VA Veterans Industries Program

There are approximately 100 Veterans Industries work therapy programs in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) throughout the U.S. The majority of participants are veterans with severe substance use disorders and their length of stay ranges from 3 to 12 months. This study examines the Veterans Industries work therapy model at one site where veterans are referred from an addictions partial hospitalization treatment program. The study period was from 1996–97 and includes 80 patients. The characteristics of the participants are described. Barriers to employment are identified including unemployment rates, homelessness, drug of choice, age, and disability status. Outcome rates are reported including employment, abstinence, and housing support.