Anthony Perl

Internationalized Policy Environments and Policy Network Analysis

The importance of horizontal coordinating governance arrangements in the internationalized policy domains that occur more frequently in the present globalizing era justifies building further on middle-level theories that draw on the policy community/policy network concepts. This reconceptualization, however, requires an explicit integration of policy paradigms and political ideas into policy community theory and careful attention to the differential impact of varying governance patterns in internationalized policy domains. This article pursues these objectives beginning with a review of existing literature on policy communities and policy networks. Next, drawing on recent research on policy paradigms and political ideas, it suggests how policy community concepts might be adapted for the study of policy change. Four types of internationalized policy environments are then identified and their implications for policy communities and policy networks are assessed. The article concludes by introducing the concept of policy community mediators and discussing how they might shape the relationships among multiple policy communities.

Policy Networks and Industrial Revitalization: High Speed Rail Initiatives in France and Germany

Using Atkinson and Colemans typology of policy networks, this article shows how many of the differences in policy outcomes can be traced to the structure of the policy environment in each nation. French and Germany policy makers adopted a strategy of investing in high speed passenger transport to revitalize their declining railway sectors. The French TGV was developed in a state-directed policy network which insisted on cost containment and commercial viability. In Germany a corporatist style of policymaking in the rail sector led to delays and higher costs for the ICE train. A separate clientele pluralist network led by the Research Ministry developed the Transrapid maglev option, but in order to finance and deploy an operational system, the Chancellor and cabinet had to create a concertation network. The policy network approach provides a useful framework for conducting comparative analysis. In addition, these detailed cases suggest that it is useful to add a dynamic, cross-temporal dimension to the static typology.

PRICING AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS AT LYON-SATOLAS AIRPORT.

Abstract The cost of air pollution from aviation at Lyon-Satolas airport for 1987, 1990, 1994, and 2015 is estimated by linking environmental assessment techniques that yield an emissions inventory for aircraft operations with economic cost evaluations of air pollution from ground based sources in Lyon (e.g. road transport, industry, and agriculture). To highlight both the uncertainty that exists regarding the economic assessment of damages from air pollutions effects and the variation in ‘willingness to pay’ for environmentally sustainable transportation, estimates are expressed as a range covering four possible scenarios. These scenarios differ along two parameters: rural vs urban impact of pollution and minimal vs potential preferences for environmental protection in a particular jurisdiction. Such an approach produces a range of estimates that could be applied to virtually any airport, thus allowing public officials not only in Lyon, but also elsewhere, to factor the approximation of environmental costs that they judge to be most appropriate into airport planning and aviation policy development.

Redesigning an airport for international competitiveness: the politics of administrative innovation at CDG

The opening of a train station in the heart of Charles de Gaulle airport (CDG) marked a milestone in French intermodal planning. As in industries ranging from aerospace to telecommunications, French development has come from behind to lead the of European air-rail interconnections. From a total absence of direct train to plane links that persisted until 1994, France now boasts Europes first and only high speed rail interconnections to air transport at both Paris-CDG and Lyno-Satolos. The extensive redesign effort need to bring the TGV into CDGs Terminal 2 offer an opportunity to explore how trade and regulatory policies that cut across national boundaries combined to act as an institutional solvent in domestic public policy making. Challenged by interstate rivalry for competitive economic advantage, policy actors were motivated to reconsider their role as it related to airport function. At the same time, a new pattern of decentralized governance facilitated inter-organizational negotiation over new policy making responsibilities. As a result, the long standing definitions of competence and authority that had guided French airport planning and administrative were radically revised. Definitions of mission and method that had previously constrained policy innovation were dissolved and then reconstituted in pursuit of new objectives. This article analyzes the forces responsible for transforming CDG airport from a buffer between transport modes into a facility serving linker intermodal travel.

Reinventing Amtrak: The politics of survival

This article argues that Amtraks design as a “quasi-public, for-profit” corporation was seriously flawed from its beginnings. The corporation was isolated from Americas private railroads, and isolated from trust-funding financial mechanisms that supported highways, airports, and mass transit. It depended on powerful Democratic congressional patrons and labor union support for protection from Republican executive budget cuts. But these allies pushed Amtrak into running far more costly service than was good for its bottom line. The corporation was already engaged in an internal reorganization designed to bring it closer to its customers, when the Republican victory in the 1994 congressional election launched an external effort to reorient and restructure Amtrak. There are three possible outcomes of the two-sided reinvention process: status quo and continued slow decline; partnership based on new relationships between Amtrak, federal and state governments, and the private sector; and privatization which might still require substantial public expenditures for some time. Synchronizing the opportunities created by both the internal and the external reinvention efforts is the key to whether Amtrak can emerge as a viable and valuable provider of rail transportation in the 21st century.