Anthony R. H. Goodwin

XML-based IUPAC standard for experimental, predicted, and critically evaluated thermodynamic property data storage and capture (ThermoML) (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)

ThermoML is an Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based new IUPAC standard for storage and exchange of experimental, predicted, and critically evaluated thermophysical and thermochemical property data. The basic principles, scope, and description of all structural elements of ThermoML are discussed. ThermoML covers essentially all thermodynamic and transport property data (more than 120 properties) for pure compounds, multicomponent mixtures, and chemical reactions (including change-of-state and equilibrium reactions). Representations of all quantities related to the expression of uncertainty in ThermoML conform to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). The ThermoMLEquation schema for representation of fitted equations with ThermoML is also described and provided as supporting information together with specific formulations for several equations commonly used in the representation of thermodynamic and thermophysical properties. The role of ThermoML in global data communication processes is discussed. The text of a variety of data files (use cases) illustrating the ThermoML format for pure compounds, mixtures, and chemical reactions, as well as the complete ThermoML schema text, are provided as supporting information.

Guidelines for reporting of phase equilibrium measurements (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)

Recommendations are given for reporting in the primary scientific literature of measurements involving phase equilibrium. The focus is on documentation issues, and many of the recommendations may also be applied to the more general fields of thermodynamic and transport properties. The historical context of the work and specific plans for implementation of the recommendations are discussed.

Phase behavior and physical properties of petroleum reservoir fluids from acoustic measurements

An ultrasonic apparatus for measurements of the speed of sound in liquids and compressed gases has been constructed. The instrument has been tested in measurements on both water and a bottom-hole live reservoir crude oil sample. The speed of sound in the oil sample was measured at three temperatures between 335 and 402 K at pressures up to 70 MPa. Measurements made along an isotherm, starting in the single-phase region and proceeding with decreasing pressure, were shown to lead to a precise determination of the bubble point of the fluid. The prospects for obtaining the fluid density from sound speed measurements are discussed. We also describe the possibility of determining the oil viscosity from measurements of the sound absorption made with the same ultrasonic cell.

A MEMS sensor for the measurement of density-viscosity for oilfield applications

We present a sensor fabricated with MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) technology that upon immersion quickly measures fluid density and viscosity. The operational principal involves the influence of the fluid on the resonance frequency and quality factor of a vibrating plate oscillating normal to its plane. By performing measurements in liquids over a wide range of temperature (20 to 150 C) and pressure (0.1 to 75 MPa), we have demonstrated a maximum inaccuracy in our density and viscosity measurements of approximately +/- 1.5 % and +/- 10 % respectively, for fluids with densities between (0.6 to 1.5) g/cc and viscosities between (0.4 to 100) cP. Such measurements are required to determine the economic feasibility of recovering hydrocarbon from subterranean strata. There are numerous examples in the literature of sensors fabricated by the methods of MEMS that are claimed to measure both density and viscosity of fluids, but in most cases, the accuracy of such sensors is not been demonstrated in a wide range of fluids and moreover, their use in non-laboratory environments has not been proven.1,2,3 Here we show that it is possible to design and package a sensor that can function with high accuracy in extreme environments while providing useful information.

Extension of ThermoML: The IUPAC standard for thermodynamic data communications (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)

ThermoML is an XML-based approach for storage and exchange of experimental, predicted, and critically evaluated thermophysical and thermochemical property data. Extensions to the ThermoML schema for the representation of speciation, complex equilibria, and properties of biomaterials are described. The texts of 14 data files illustrating the new extensions are provided as Supplementary Information together with the complete text of the updated ThermoML schema.

A microfluidic MEMS sensor for the measurement of density and viscosity at high pressure

We present a sensor fabricated with MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) technology that quickly measures fluid density and viscosity. This sensor is fabricated inside of a microfluidic channel through which the fluid to be measured passes. The operational principal involves the influence of the fluid on the resonance frequency and quality factor of a vibrating plate oscillating normal to its plane. By performing measurements in liquids we have demonstrated operability in fluids with densities between (0.6 to 1.5) g/cc and viscosities between (0.4 to 100) cP. Such measurements are required to determine the economic feasibility of recovering hydrocarbon from subterranean strata. There are numerous examples in the literature of sensors fabricated by the methods of MEMS that are claimed to measure both density and viscosity of fluids, but in most cases, the accuracy of such sensors is not been demonstrated in a wide range of fluids and moreover, their use in non-laboratory environments has not been proven.1,2,3 Here we show that it is possible to design and package a sensor that can function with high accuracy in extreme environments while providing useful information.

The Future of Oil and Gas Fossil Fuels

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on organizations which locate, develop, and produces naturally occurring hydrocarbon from various types of underground strata or formations that are commonly known as the oil and gas industry. The extracted hydrocarbon is processed by a subset of the same industry into a variety of products that include fuel for combustion, feedstock for the production of plastic, etc. Oil and gas industry use the fundamental disciplines of chemistry and physics, and also require specialists in petroleum engineering, geology, geophysics, environmental science, geochemistry, and chemical engineering. The main objective of this chapter is to provide evidence that the methods developed by the oil and gas industry (for drilling wells, measuring the properties of formations and developing models to economically extract the hydrocarbon) are relevant to other industries and sciences, and these include geothermal energy. Satellite images and surface measurement of the earths magnetic and gravitational fields are the methods used to locate strata favorable for the entrapment of hydrocarbon. The main activity of the oil and gas industry is the extraction of hydrocarbon. Finally, this chapter discusses the potential long-term impact of continued hydrocarbon combustion and CO 2 production that contribute to increased global temperature. Alternative sources are required of energy density similar to that provided by petroleum, but which when consumed, are free of negative environmental impact.

Chapter 9:Speed of Sound Measurements and Heat Capacities of Gases

Sound speed measurements offer a convenient and accurate route for determining the heat capacity of a gas. The speed of sound can usually be determined with very small random uncertainty and the systematic errors to which such measurements are exposed differ markedly from those encountered in conven...

Conventional Oil and Gas

The characteristics of the major types of conventional oil and gas and the means by which they are produced are described briefly. Over the last decade technology-driven developments, primarily in the United States, have put, in our opinion, shale gas and tight oil into the conventional category, so they are also included. Estimates of the remaining reserves, along with historical estimates derived from authoritative sources, are summarised with projections and comments concerning the contentious concept of peak oil and gas. The discussion also includes the liquefaction of natural gas which we speculate will, in the future, be the transportation fuel of choice. The preference towards all forms of natural gas arises from the requirement to reduce emissions of CO2 and the resulting global warming in a socially and economically viable manner without recourse to a step-change in the infrastructure associated with transportation and energy supply. Thus global warming and carbon mitigation are briefly discussed.

Chapter 23:Solubility and the Oil Industry

This chapter focuses on the energy sector and more specifically the oil and gas industries. These industries use the disciplines of both chemistry and physics and also require specialists with the following training: petroleum engineers, geologists, geophysicists, environmental scientists, geochemis...