Anthony Y. C. Koo

Market structure and U.S. trade flows

Abstract Using samples of input-output table detailed industries, we test the impact of various elements of market structure on U.S. trade flows, at the industry level, holding factor proportions constant. Industry demand characteristics and the extent of scale economies have significant impacts on trade flows. Labor intensity at the industry level has the effects on trade flows which are predicted by the factor proportions theory. Capital intensity increases both import and export flows; this result, together with certain others, suggests the importance of trade among industrialized countries in producer goods.

Concentration of land holdings: An empirical exploration of Kuznets' conjecture

Abstract According to Kuznets (1963), the dynamics of the maldistribution process starts from an initial unequal income distribution, then through a cumulative effect, a high concentration of asset holdings is induced which in turn contributes to a high concentration of income. In other words, unequal income distribution tends to be self-perpetuated and unequal asset holdings is a medium of such process. The literature on rural income distribution seems to suggest a different emphasis by assigning a more crucial role to asset holdings, i.e., land, in the explanation of unequal income distribution. This study shows, via a simultaneous equation model and a multi-nation cross-sectional set of data, that both the land and income concentration ratios are positively related. Of the two rival conjectures of emphasis, the empirical evidence lends support in the general case to Kuznets, that is, over the entire range of countries, developed and less-developed, inequality in income seems to cause inequality in land holdings rather than vice-versa In the specific case of less developed countries, it is the high concentration of land holdings that influences the unequal distribution of income.

Towards a More General Model of Land Tenancy and Reform

Introduction, 567. — I. Market structure of land leasing, 569. — II. Oligopoly land market, 573.

Identification of the Lorenz curve by Lorenz coefficient

ZusammenfassungDie Identifikation der Lorenzkurve durch Lorenzkoeffizienten. — Der aus der Lorenzkurve abgeleitete Gini-Koeffizient vermittelt einen guten Eindruck von dem Ma\ an Ungleichheit. WÄhrend sich jedoch eine Lorenzkurve auf den Gini-Koeffizienten im VerhÄltnis eins zu eins übertragen lÄ\t, entspricht — in der entgegengesetzten Richtung — ein Gini-Koeffizient mehreren Lorenzkurven. In dieser Untersuchung wird die Lorenzkurve in einzelne Abschnitte aufgeteilt. Dann wird jedem Abschnitt ein gewogener Lorenz-Koeffizient zugeordnet, wodurch es möglich wird, Lorenzkurven mit identischen Gini-Koeffizienten zu unterscheiden. Die Verbindung zwischen jedem Kurvenpaar kann aufgehoben werden, indem man von Abschnitt zu Abschnitt die jeweiligen Lorenz-Koeffizienten vergleicht. Ein empirisches Beispiel ist in dem Artikel enthalten.RésuméL’identification de la courbe de Lorenz par le coefficient de Lorenz. — Le coefficient de Gini dérivé de la courbe de Lorenz exprime un degré considérable de sens intuitif pour la mesure de l’inégalité. La reproduction de la courbe de Lorenz en coefficient de Gini est cependant dans le rapport un à un, celle du coefficient de Gini en courbe de Lorenz un à beaucoup. Cette étude veut partager la courbe de Lorenz en piéces détachées. Un sous-coefficient pondéré de Lorenz est associé avec chaque partie, une méthode qui permet à différencier les courbes de Lorenz avec des coefficients identiques de Gini. Le lien entre chaque paire de courbes peut Être détaché si on part d’une comparaison de chaque sous-coefficient de Lorenz de partie à partie. L’auteur fournit une application empirique.ResumenIdentificación de la curva de Lorenz por medio del coeficiente de Lorenz. — El coeficiente de Gini derivado de la curva de Lorenz transmite sentimientos intuitivos considerables para la medida de desigualdad. Sin embargo, el desdibujamiento de la curva de Lorenz hacia el coeficiente de Gini es uno a uno y el del coeficiente de Gini hacia la curva de Lorenz de uno a muchas veces. En este estudio se divide la curva de Lorenz en partes. Un sub-coeficiente de Lorenz se asocia con cada parte permitiéndonos diferenciar curvas de Lorenz con idénticos coeficientes de Gini. La unión entre cualquier par se puede quebrar procediendo a comparar cada sub-coeficiente de Lorenz de parte en parte. Se presenta una aplicación empírica.

Decreasing Marginal Cost and the Pattern of Trade

Current trends in the pure theory of trade are mainly concerned with the Heckscher-Ohlin factor endowment analysis. But the literature exploring and refining the H-O model has largely ignored variable returns to scale by assuming a linear homogeneous production function. The notable exception is the work of Kemp [2, pp. 110–129].1 Kemp, however, limits his exploration to an aspect of decreasing marginal cost, i.e. increasing returns (to scale) where all physical inputs are increased in the same proportion with consequent more than proportional increase in output. But it is well known that decreasing marginal cost may result either from increasing returns to scale or, when some factor is fixed while others are variable, from operation in early portion of stage I of production (where MVP and AVP are rising). His and other writers’ omission of the distinction between the two (to be labelled type A for the former and type B for the latter) leaves the problem of increasing returns in international trade theory still at the point of Tinbergen’s version of Graham’s theory [4] which also falls short in clarifying these two types.

A Theoretical Note on the Dealer-Manufacturer Relationship in the Automobile Industry

I. Introduction: some terms in automobile pricing, 316. — II. The theoretical basis for conflict of interest — no unique invoice price, 318. — III. Sliding scale vs. flat bonus, 321. — IV. Conclusions, 324.