Antoine Rayroux

Resisting Ownership: The Paralysis of EU Peacebuilding in the Congo

ABSTRACT This article analyzes how the idea of local ownership is functioning in the context of security sector reform in the Democratic Republic of the Congo with a focus on European Unions efforts in the area. The authors argue that despite discursive emphasis on ownership, in practice local resistance in combination with the notion of security sector reform and the idea of ownership being externally constructed concepts with vague definitions create counterproductive dynamics between local and international actors. The result has been a paralysis of the security sector reform efforts in the Congo. Real progress in security sector reform is possible only if the local authorities “own” the reforms, but if progress means less power for these authorities, they are unlikely to sustain it. While the literature traditionally emphasizes the role of external inconsistency in ownerships shortcomings, this article demonstrates that a full picture also requires highlighting the local dynamics of ownership resistance.

The practice of burden sharing in European crisis management operations

ABSTRACT If a European organisation decides to deploy a military force in Mali or a police mission in Afghanistan, member states probably believe that collective security is a public good that benefits them all. But who will lead the mission? Who will staff it? Who will pay for it? Who will risk casualties? While rational-choice theorists expect little burden sharing, constructivists expect a great deal more insofar as normative pressures are brought to bear on governments. The problem is that it is hard to find countries that systematically eschew their responsibilities or, contrariwise, systematically contribute their fair share out of a sense of moral obligation. In this article, we analyse burden sharing as an anchoring practice, shedding light on the social logic of burden sharing rather than abstract interests or norms. Established after the end of the Second World War, the field of European security has given birth to a “community of security practice” around the more or less routine task of determining national contributions to crisis management operations. Based on interviews with practitioners from the UK, France, Germany, Norway and Ireland, we analyse the impact of intersubjectivity, power and strategic culture on the practice of burden sharing.

Beyond Actorness in EU Crisis Management: Internal Functions of External Peacekeeping

Abstract What do European crisis management operations in remote places reveal about the EU’s political ambitions and about the present state of European integration? Against a traditional reading in terms of actorness and effectiveness, this article applies the functionality thesis to CSDP operations, and argues that the latter perform three internal functions: a substitute for national strategies in international crisis management; a way for EU foreign policy actors to compete against each other for political power; and an opportunity to reflect upon the nature and identity of the EU. Through a case study of the military intervention EUFOR Chad/CAR, the article demonstrates that an approach in terms of functionality is more accurate empirically than one in terms of effectiveness. Theoretically, it also usefully bridges the traditional rationalist/constructivist divide in the literature on CSDP, and provides challenging avenues for future research on EU peacekeeping in a middle-ground and sociological perspective.

Speaking EU defence at home: Contentious discourses and constructive ambiguity

Using discursive institutionalism as an analytical framework, this article addresses how national actors build, coordinate and communicate discourses on EU defence policy (CSDP) at home. The empirical analysis is based on a comparative study of substantive and interactive discourses in France and Ireland, two contrasted cases. It demonstrates that France and Ireland frame and interpret elements of CSDP that best fit their needs, use them to promote their defence agenda in a legitimate and ‘European’ way and present CSDP as a natural continuation of their preferences. These defence agendas revolve around the preservation of France’s exceptionalism and Ireland’s neutrality. Discursive institutionalism, which methodologically sheds light on agents and institutional contexts, helps to understand the dynamics of constructive ambiguity, a discursive strategy often applied to CSDP and illustrated by these two cases.