Antonio Clementino dos Santos

Varabilidade temporal da precipitação pluvial: nível de nitrogênio no solo e produtividade de cultivares de girassol

With the aim of analyzing the effects caused by temporal variability of rains over sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) tillage income and development in function of nitrogen fertilization and cultivars, experiments with sunflower tillage were performed in Alagoinha-PB in the years of 1995,1996,1998 in the municipal district of Esperanca-PB in 1998. In this occasion four levels of nitrogen were verified (0, 30, 60 and 90kg.ha-1), two cultivars (one precocious and another late) in blocks at random with four repetitions. Beyond these experiments, some data about pluvial precipitation were analyzed. During the performance of the experiments we analyzed the tillage phenological stages, biomass accumulation and income and its components. In relation to the results, was verified in Alagoinha-PB an annual average rains of this period (1981 - 1999) around 1.018,6mm. The sunflower vegetative and reproductive stages have changed according to the distribution of rains during the tillage cycle. The adopted treatment answers for tillage over the analyzed variations were depending on the distribution of rains during the tillage development stages. There was also a big variation in the tillage answers in relation to the nitrogen levels and in the cultivars in function of weather.

Análise espacial de atributos do solo e cobertura vegetal em diferentes condições de pastagem

The areas for livestock raising have expanded into areas of native vegetation, promoting changes in soil quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the attributes of a Entisol under different vegetation covers to whether the pasture degradation represents soil degradation. The areas evaluated were: native forest, shrub, uncontrolled grazing animal stocking, grazing in fallow pasture with weeds; degraded pasture with bare soil and weeds, degraded pasture with weeds and tree species and grassland with low forage production. All pastures were formed by Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Hundred and twenty eight soil samples were collected in 0-5 and 5-10 cm, within each management area, considered as an experimental plot and soil cover was quantified. The chemical and physical properties of the soil were measured. Data were subjected to geoestatistical study. Increase in penetration resistance and decrease in the levels of organic matter were observed in the most degraded areas. Degraded pasture is not necessarily degraded land while degraded soil is related to grazing degrades.

Spatial analysis of parameters of soil fertility in an ecotone under different uses and management

In regions of ecotone soil chemical properties show a wide variation, resulting from the interplay between the factors of formation, vegetation cover and use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability of chemical attributes of a Entisol transition zone between the Savannah and Amazonian biome in different forms of land use and management (forest, scrub, bare soil, crop, pasture and savanna) in the region of Araguaina city (TO). Samples were ground in an irregular mesh in an area of 26.08 ha, the depth of 0 to 20 cm to determine the levels of organic matter, P, K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and pH, sum of bases, CEC pH 7 , CEC e , V%, m%. The soil chemical properties were analyzed using descriptive statistics, comparison of average by Tukey test at 5% significance to the study and geostatistical kriging. The ranges of spatial dependence of the chemical organic matter, Al 3+ , K + , Mg + , and SB CEC e soil were higher than the others (pH, P, Ca 2+ , CEC pH 7 , V%, m%), indicating that these are more discontinuity in the spatial distribution in Entisol three forms of agricultural use and vegetation cover three of the transition Savannah-Amazon. Thus, management strategies of correction and mineral fertilizers in an ecotone can be fitted according to the representations of studies and geostatistical kriging interpolation in homogeneous areas.

Relações entre uso do solo, relevo e fertilidade do solo em escala de microbacia

Productivity in subsistence agricultural systems relies on natural soil fertility levels. Under strongly undulated relief conditions, it is expected that soil fertility will be determined not only by land use, but also by the position in the landscape. To study these relationships 260 single soil samples (0-20 cm) from the Vaca Brava watershed, Paraiba, representing combinations of three land uses, five positions in the landscape and five textures were analyzed for extractable P, exchangeable bases and soil acidity. Ca and Mg comprised 75-80% of exchangeable cations, K and Na between 10 and 15% and H+Al 10%. The average pH was 5.5, while extractable P (Mehlich-1) averaged 3.8 mg kg-1 soil. Although land use, relief and texture exerted significant effects (p < 0.05) upon certain nutrient concentrations, in a broad sense the watershed appeared relatively uniform. The main effect of land use resulted from the use of animal manure in areas of subsistence agriculture and fodder, which were preferentially located at the base of stopes and low lands positions. Approximately 80% of the samples were low in extractable P, while 70% had medium levels of extractable K. However, when available K was estimated by the K/(Ca+Mg)0,5 ratio, most samples were classified as low.

Características agronômicas do Panicum maximum cv. "Mombaça" submetido a níveis crescentes de fósforo

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of the addition of increasing doses of P2O5 on the height of the dossal, number of stalks, production of dry matter of leaves and the stems of the Mombaca-grass, in different ages. The experiment was implanted in an Eutrophic Red Nitossol. The experimental designs used were complete randomized block, with four replicates, five levels of P2O5 (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150kg. ha-1) and a tester. Analyzing the first and second harvest of the pasture the tillering showed positive linear response to the increasing phosphorus levels, for the third and fourth harvest, the data were adjusted to the quadratic model. Increasing P2O5 doses decreased the leaf lamina fraction of aerial part dry matter, however raised the stems fraction. In the first, second and third harvest, aerial part dry matter production increased linearly (7, 15 and 19kg ha-1 of DM for kg ha-1 of P2O5, respectively). In the fourth harvest the data were adjusted to the quadratic model of regression, the maximum production (8.3Mg ha-1 of DM) was obtained in the application of 103kg ha-1 of P2O5.

Variabilidade espacial das características ambientais e peso de frangos de corte em galpão de ventilação negativa

The objective was to study the spatial variability of environmental characteristics and weight of broilers reared in shed negative ventilation. The work was conducted in municipality of industrial shed Aguiarnopolis, Tocantins state, with mixed batch of 30,000 broiler strain Coob with 42 days in critical hours of high temperature (12h to 15h), composed of negative and misting ventilation system. The gathering of the variables analyzed were performed on 1 day at regular grid totaling 124 points, evenly distributed throughout the house, with 4 m spacing between each point on 31 lines arranged. The environmental variables were collected: air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed besides the temperature of bed. For the verification of weight variability of birds, animals were captured randomly at each collection point, a male bird first, then a female. The variables studied showed moderate to strong spatial dependence. Through the maps of spatial variability can be observed that the imbalance of environmental characteristics cause equal effect on body weight of animals, thereby defining specific areas that affect the performance of broiler chickens, where the variables: relative humidity, temperature environment, bed temperature, wind speed and humidity are above recommended for thermal comfort. Environmental variables like ambient temperature, bed temperature, relative humidity and wind speed directly influence the variability of animal weight.

INFLUÊNCIA DO MANEJO DO SOLO NAS PROPRIEDADES QUÍMICAS E FÍSICAS EM TOPOSSEQUÊNCIA NA BACIA DO RIO ARAGUAIA, ESTADO DO TOCANTINS

The conversion of native vegetation into agricultural areas can modify soil organic matter content and decomposition and synthesis processes and therefore the nutrient avalilability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical and physical soil properties (0-15 cm depth) in a toposequence characterized by planted pasture beside the native Cerrado vegetation cover. The study was carried out in Colmeia, State of Tocantins. Ten sampling points were determined (five samples in native vegetation and five samples in pasture) for each relief position (summit, midslope and footslope) and at each point soils were sampled at three depths (0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm), totaling 90 samples. The following chemical and physical properties were analyzed: organic C, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, H + Al, pH, and texture. Organic C content found under native vegetation did not differ from pasture and the relief positions. The conversion from native vegetation to livestock use decreased P contents. The removal of native vegetation did not alter available K contents. There was an increase in sand content from midslope to the footslope positions.

Características agronômicas e estruturais de híbridos de sorgo em função de diferentes densidades de plantio

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of two sorghum hybrids for silage production, AG-2005 (double purpose) and VOLUMAX (forage) cultivated with different row spacing 1; 0.75 and 0.50 m, on Orthic Quartzarenic Neosol, resulting in 140,000; 186,666 e 280,000 plants per ha, respectively. A randomized block design with four replicates was used and the treatments consisted on a factorial arrangement 2 x 3. Were determined the total dry matter production (PMST), of leaves (PMLF), of stems (PMSC), and panicles (PMSP) per ha, and their proportion in the whole plant. Significant interaction occurred between sorghum hybrid and row spacing for PMST, PMSLF and PMSP. VOLUMAX showed similar production for the three row spacing. AG-2005 showed higher PMST (9,474.59 vs. 6,842.91 kg ha-1) and PMSP (6,355.77 vs. 3,032.40 kg ha-1) than VOLUMAX in 0.50 m row spacing. AG-2005 was superior to VOLUMAX for the percentage of panicles in 1 m (57.06 vs. 40.22%) and 0.50 m spacing (66.99 vs. 43.55%), and VOLUMAX was superior for stems percentages in the 1 and 0.50 m spacing. It is recommended the use of hybrid AG-2005 under spacing of 0.50 m for silage production, due to its higher dry matter production per area, higher percentage of panicle and lower percentage of stem in the composition of the plant compared to the hybrid VOLUMAX.

Integrating forest-pasture: Spatial analysis and delineation of zones of litter production and nutrient return

This study aimed to quantify, describe, and identify plant litter production and nutrient accumulation zones in different forest-pasture integration (FPI) systems and forest strata of the Cerrado-Amazon transition on typical orthic Quartzarenic Neosol using spatial analysis, principal component analysis, and non-hierarchical fuzzy k-mean clustering logic techniques. The evaluations were performed at two FPI systems comprising a combination of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and thinned native vegetation with 50 and 75% (FPI-I and FPI-II, respectively) shade in an original thinned forest (NFI) and in an original intact forest (NF-II) with 80 and 95% shade, respectively. An area of 4,000 m² (40 x 100 m) that contained 32 sampling points arranged in a 4 x 25 m grid was demarcated for each treatment. Plant litter was collected using 32 collectors installed at equidistant points. Twelve nylon bags were placed on the soil surface at each point to evaluate the plant litter decomposition, totaling 384 bags per treatment. It was possible to quantify, describe, and define plant litter production and nutrient accumulation zones in different FPI systems and forest strata of the Cerrado-Amazon transition on orthic Quartzarenic Neosol using geostatistical analysis, principal components, and non-hierarchical fuzzy k-mean clustering logic procedures.

Características agronômicas, estruturais e bromatológicas do capim Piatã em lotação intermitente com período de descanso variável em função da altura do pasto

Objective was to evaluate the influence of different grazing height on agronomic, structural and qualitative characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piata managed under rotational stocking. We evaluated three sward heights (30, 45 and 60 cm) over two growing seasons (Middle and Final Season). We adopted the randomized complete block design with split plot, where the plots were allocated heights and subplots the growing seasons. Height values met the experimental protocol, showing averages of 35.2; 43.5 and 59.4, respectively 30, 45 and 60 cm. The rest period was variable during the heights and providing different grazing cycles, with an average DP of 34, 39 and 54 days, respectively, to the heights studied . The highest yield obtained by MST cycle was at the height of 60 cm, with an average of 4612.51 kg ha-1 and 3566 kg ha-1 to 30 cm height. However the heights of 30 and 45 cm three cycles of grazing and only two to the height of 60 cm were obtained, totaling about it, 12.4, 10.7 and 9.2 t DM ha-1 in the period. In leaf/stem ratio, no differences in heights studied. The number of tillers did not change with different heights, the superiority in the number of tillers was observed in the middle of the growing season. The increase in sward height provided no change in CP content and digestibility and increased levels of ADF, NDF was changed only at the height of 60 cm.