Antonio Gesualdi Júnior

Níveis de concentrado na dieta de novilhos F1 Limousin x Nelore: características de carcaça

Forty five crossbreed F1 Limousin x Nellore bulls, averaging 14 months of age and initial body weight of 330 kg, were used to evaluate the effects of different levels of concentrate (25.0, 37.5, 50.0, 62.5, and 75.0%) and two diet balance methods (one, almost isoprotein and the second, changing protein as energy of the diet change) on carcass yield in relation to live weight (CYLW) and empty body weight (CYEBW), and basic cut yields: spare ribs, whole acem, whole shoulder, round, whole rump, longissimus muscle area, carcass length, percentage of muscle fat and bone (B) and the amount of muscle, fat (FC) and bone in the carcass. Five animals were slaughtered in the beginning of the experiment as reference, to estimate the initial empty body of animals that remained in feedlot. The animals were full fed up to the slaughter weight of 500 kg. The coast-cross grass hay was used as forage source in the diet. A completely randomized design 2 x 5 factorial, with four replicates, was used. The two diet balance methods only affected the CYEBW. The CYLW and FC linearly increased and B linearly decreased as the concentrate level increase in the diet. The dietary levels of concentrate did not influence the basic cut yields. The other traits were not influenced by the concentrate level or by the diet balance method.

Composição corporal e exigências energéticas e protéicas de bovinos F1 Limousin x Nelore, não-castrados, alimentados com rações contendo diferentes níveis de concentrado

Fifty F1 Limousin x Nellore bulls were allotted to ten treatments, with five concentrate levels (25, 37.5, 50, 62.5, and 75%) and two diet protein balance methods (one isoprotein and the other changing protein as diet energy changed). The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were determined. After the slaughter, all animal body parts were weighed, sampled and DM, total nitrogen and ether extract concentrations were determined. Protein, fat and energy contents retained in the body were estimated by regression equations of logarithm of protein, fat or energy body content, as a function of logarithm of empty body weight (EBW). By deriving the prediction equations of body content of protein, fat, or energy, as a function of the logarithm of EBW, the net requirements of protein and energy, for gain of 1 kg EBW, were determined. The deriving equation was Y = b. 10a. Xb-1, where a and b were the intercept and regression coefficient, respectively, of the prediction equations of protein or energy body contents. Net energy requirement for maintenance (NEm) was estimated as the intercept anti-log of the equation obtained by the linear regression of the logarithm of heat production and the metabolizable energy intake. The diet balance methods did not influence the nutrients intakes. The DM intake (DMI) was not affected by the concentrate level (CL), with means of 7.39 kg/day. Dietary CL did not affect OM intake (7.08 kg/day). Increasing CL and NDF intake showed a linear decrease and TDN intake showed a linear increase. In diets with variable protein levels, CP intake increased linearly. Isoprotein diets were not affected by the CL (0.89 kg/day). Net energy requirement for weight gain of F1 Limousin x Nellore bulls, in Mcal/kg, can be obtained by the equation: NEg = 0.038 x EBW0.75 x EBW gain0.9896. The NEm for these animals was 76.36 kcal/EBW0.75. The following equation was obtained to estimate the retained protein (RP), in g/day, as a function of EBW gain, in kg/day: RP = 174.14524 x EBW gain.

Níveis de concentrado na dieta de novilhos f1 Limousin x Nelore: consumo, conversão alimentar e ganho de peso

ABSTRACT - Forty five crossbreed F1 Limousin x Nellore young bulls, averaging 14 months of age and initial 330 kg LW, wereused to evaluate the effects of different concentrate levels (25.0, 37.5, 50.0, 62.5 and 75.0% as DM basis) and two diet balanc e methods(one, almost isoprotein and the second, changing protein as energy of the diet change) on the intakes of dry matter (DMI) and n eutraldetergent fiber (NDFI), feed: gain ratio (FG), daily gains of live weight (ALWDG) empty body weight (EBWDG) and carcass weight(CARG). Five animals were slaughtered in the beginning of the experiment as reference, to estimate the initial empty body weigh t ofanimals that remained in feedlot. The animals were full fed up to the slaughter weight of 500 kg. The coast-cross grass hay was usedas forage source in the diet. A completely randomised design in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement, with four replicates was used. T he twodiet balance methods resulted on equal animal performances. The dry matter intake showed a quadratic response, and a maximum va luesof 8.04 kg DM, 1.99% LW, and 89.22g DM/kg

Características de carcaça de bovinos de diferentes grupos genéticos, castrados e não-castrados, em fase de terminação

The objective of this trial was to investigate the physical characteristics of carcasses and primary cuts of 86 steers and bulls averaging 329 kg of body weight and 20 months of age. Twelve Gir, 20 Nellore, 20 Guzera , and 20 Caracu all from herds that genetically selected for weight gain at 378 days of age and 14 non-genetically improved Nellore (control) were used in this study. Corn silage was used as the forage portion of the diet in a 60:40 (% DM) forage to concentrate ratio. A completely randomized design with a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (genetic group and sexual condition) was used. Bulls had carcasses with greater weight, yield, and proportion of muscular tissue but similar subcutaneous fat thickness compared to steers. Caracu showed a slower development but greater muscular tissue deposition and less fat deposition resulting in higher proportion of beef round compared to the remaining breeds. The genetically improved Zebu had heavier carcasses than the non-genetically improved Nellore. The greatest hot carcass weight within Zebu was observed on the genetically improved Nellore (287 kg) and was similar to that found on Caracu (299 kg). Genetically and non-genetically improved Nellore and Gir had the highest yields of hot carcass (57.83, 56.82 and 57.26%, respectively). Caracu showed the greatest carcass length (134 cm) while non-geneticallyimproved Nellore the lowest (118.67 cm). The rib eye area was greater on Caracu than Zebu whereas the opposite was observed for subcutaneous fat thickness with the exception of Gir. Within the genetically improved animals, Nellore had the greatest carcass weight and within sexual condition, bulls showed finishing covering fat that fulfills the market requirements.

Níveis de Concentrado na Dieta de Bovinos F1 Limousin x Nelore: Peso dos Órgãos Internos e Trato Digestivo

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of five concentrate levels as dry matter basis (25.0, 37.5, 50.0, 62.5 and 75.0%) and two diet balance methods on the digestive tract, internal organs weight and gastrointestinal fill of 45 crossbred F1 Limousin x Nelore young bulls, averaging 14 months of age and initial live weight of 330 kg. One diet balance method was almost isoprotein with 12% of crude protein and the other was attempted to attend the metabolizable protein requirements of animals. The animals were full fed up to the slaughter weight of 500 kg. The coastcross grass hay was used as roughage source in the diet. A completely randomized design in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement, with four replicates, was used. The two diet balance methods resulted in equal animal performances and any connect with concentrate levels was found. The gastrointestinal fill and omasum weight decreased and liver and internal fat weight linearly increased as concentrate levels increased. The others parameters were not influenced by the concentrate levels.

Validação dos sistemas VIÇOSA, CNCPS e NRC para formulação de dietas para bovinos Nelore e Caracu, não-castrados, selecionados em condições brasileiras

Twenty-two animals, eight from genetic improved Nellore breed, six non-improved Nellore and eight from genetic improved Caracu breed, were used to evaluate and to validate the VICOSA, CNCPS (level 1 and 2) and NRC (level 1 and 2) systems, for diet formulations. The animals were confined with average live weight of 404 kg to genetic improved Nellore, 345 kg to non-improved Nellore and 434 kg to genetic improved Caracu breed, all with 18 months of age. The forage used was corn silage in forage to concentrate ratio of 50:50 in the diet. The slaughter criterion was determined by ultra-sound and it was executed when the animals reached an average of four millimeters of subcutaneous fat. The Student t test was used to compare the dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) observed in the genetic groups and those predicted by the VICOSA, CNCPS and NRC systems. The VICOSA system showed a good estimate for ADG of the animals of genetic improved Nellore and non-improved Nellore breed, but the values were different of observed to improved Caracu. The VICOSA system does not have a good estimate for DMI for none of the three genetic groups. The CNCPS system, level 1 and 2 was efficient to estimate the DMI of the three genetic groups; however the estimative for ADG differed from the observed for both level 1 and level 2 of the system and the values were underestimated. In the NRC system, only the level 2 showed predicted values similar to those observed for both DMI and ADG.

Características de carcaça de bovinos Nelore e Caracu selecionados para peso aos 378 dias de idade recebendo alimentação restrita ou à vontade

The objective of this trial was to evaluate carcass traits of 56 bulls from three genetics groups averaging 18 months of age and receiving two feeding levels. Twelve bulls were slaughtered in the beginning of the study and used as reference animals. The remaining 16 genetically improved Nellore, 12 ordinary Nellore, and 16 genetically improved Caracu averaging 404, 345, and 434 kg of initial body weight, respectively, were randomly assigned to a completely randomized designed with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (two dietary levels and three genetic groups). Intake was either restricted to 65 g DM/ kg BW0.75 per day or ad libitum. Corn silage was used as the forage component of the diet while ground corn, cottonseed meal, urea, monensin, and a mineral mixture as the concentrate portion of the ration yielding a forage:concentrate ratio of 50:50. The slaughter weight was determined by ultrasound when animals reached an average of 4 mm of subcutaneous fat. Significant feeding regime x genetic group interaction was observed only for percentage of bone tissue. Carcass weight and depth and weights of fore and hindquarters did not differ comparing the genetically improved breeds but were lower for ordinary Nellore. The highest hindquarter yield was observed for animals fed ad libitum. Dressing percentage was not affected by feeding regime and was higher on Nellore groups; hindquarter percentage also was higher on Zebu animals. Both subcutaneous fat thickness and percentage of adipose tissue were greater for ordinary Nellore while loin eye area and percentage of muscle tissue were higher for Caracu.

Desempenho produtivo e eficiência bioeconômica de bovinos Nelore e Caracu selecionados para peso aos 378 dias de idade recebendo alimentação à vontade ou restrita

Production of 56 feedlot bulls from three different genetic groups averaging 18 months of age and fed ad libitum or restricted was evaluated in this trial. Twelve animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the study and were used as references. The remaining 16 genetically selected Nellore, 12 ordinary Nellore, and 16 genetically selected Caracu with initial average weights of 404, 345 and 434 kg, respectively, were assigned to a completely randomized design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (two feeding levels and three genetic groups). The dietary levels were either restricted (65 g DM/BW0.75) or ad libitum intake with animals fed twice a day. Corn silage was used as the forage portion of the diet while the concentrate contained ground corn, cottonseed meal, urea, monensin, and mineral mixture in a forage:concentrate ratio of 50:50. The slaughter criterion was four millimeters of subcutaneous fat measured by ultrasound at the 12th rib area. Bulls from the different genetic groups showed similar average daily weight gain, empty body weight gain, and carcass weight gain. However, these same variables were higher on animals fed ad libitum than on those restricted fed. No significant interaction between genetic group and feeding level was observed in this trial. Dry matter intake was affected not only by feeding level but also by genetic group and it was highest on genetically selected Caracu. Ordinary Nellore showed greater bionutritional efficiency and lower production cost compared to bulls from the other two genetic groups.

Carcass characteristics of feedlot-finished Zebu and Caracu cattle

This study analyzes the chemical carcass characteristics and carcass losses in 86 cattle, both castrated and non-castrated, with an average initial weight of 329 kg and an average age of approximately 20 months, including 12 Gyr, 20 Guzerat, 20 Nellore, and 20 Caracu among the herds selected for weight determination at 378 days of age, as well as 14 Nellore cattle that were not selected. The diet contained a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 60:40 in terms of dry matter (DM), with 14.8% crude protein as a percentage of DM and corn silage as roughage. A completely randomized 5 × 2 factorial experimental design was used, including five breeds and two sex classes. The following values were determined: losses due to the trimming of commercial cuts and cooking; shear force; the temperature and pH of the meat; and the chemical composition of the Hankins and Howe section (HH section). The castrated animals exhibited greater losses from the front trimmings compared with the non-castrated cattle. There were no differences in the final pH values of the carcasses among the breeds, although the noncastrated animals exhibited higher values than the castrated ones, likely because non-castrated animals were more susceptible to stress. The final pH remained within the range considered optimal for all of the carcasses studied. No differences were observed in the shear force among the breeds or between the two sexes. When appropriately managed, zebu breeds are capable of producing tender meat, thus meeting the demands of the consumer market.

Effects of heat stress on the physiological parameters and productivity of hair sheep in tropical and coastal environments

The experiment was carried out with sheep during the finishing phase in a partial confinement system to evaluate the following physiological parameters: rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), productive performance and carcass characteristics. Fourteen uncastrated sheep with an average initial age of 90 days belonging to two genetic groups were used. There were seven Santa Ines animals, whose average initial live weight (ILW) was 23.65 kg, and seven F1 Dorper × St. Ines animals, with an ILW of 20.02 kg. The treatments were the two genetic groups and two times for the collection of the physiological parameters, at 09.00 h and 15.00 h. Evaluation took place once a week, in a shared stall, always following a 20-min grazing activity. The animals had daily access to a Megathyrsus maximus(Jacquin) pasture, cultivar Masai, from 08.00 h to 17.00 h and their feed was placed in a trough, at a forage:concentrate ratio of 51:49 in the total dry matter. The concentrate consisted of 900 g/kg of ground corn and 100 g/kg of soybean meal, and the roughage supplied was alfalfa hay. There was no interaction between treatments for the studied variables. The physiological parameters were affected only by the time of day. The variables RR and RT were higher at 15.00 h, while the highest HR values were observed at 09.00 h. Neither of the two genetic groups differed for performance and carcass characteristics. Hair sheep belonging to close genetic groups show no differences in performance, carcass characteristics and physiological responses when subjected to heat stress.