Antonio Mihi Ramírez

Knowledge creation and flexibility of distribution of information

– The purpose of this paper is to increase knowledge about the four modes of knowledge conversion (SECI model: Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization) and their impact on flexibility of distribution of information and performance., – Based on a survey of 284 Spanish firms, the paper performs an empirical analysis using structural equation modelling., – The results of the research confirm that the four modes of knowledge conversion have positive direct and indirect influences on the flexibility of distribution of information in the organization and therefore improve the companys performance., – The structural equation model provides useful information for managers and researchers concerning how knowledge creation enhances flexibility and performance of the organization. Through better processes and tools for updating the organizations concepts or methods, flexibility programs, cross functional and self‐directed teams, autonomy, participation, cooperation and coordination in the firm improve the flow of information and performance and reduce uncertainty in changing environments., – The paper illustrates the effects of the four modes of knowledge creation on flexibility of distribution of information and demonstrates that these four modes of knowledge creation affect flexibility of distribution of information positively, thereby improving organizational performance.Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to increase knowledge about the four modes of knowledge conversion (SECI model: Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization) and their impact on flexibility of distribution of information and performance. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a survey of 284 Spanish firms, the paper performs an empirical analysis using structural equation modelling. Findings – The results of the research confirm that the four modes of knowledge conversion have positive direct and indirect influences on the flexibility of distribution of information in the organization and therefore improve the company’s performance. Practical implications – The structural equation model provides useful information for managers and researchers concerning how knowledge creation enhances flexibility and performance of the organization. Through better processes and tools for updating the organization’s concepts or methods, flexibility programs, cross functional and self-directed teams, autonomy, participation, cooperation and coordination in the firm improve the flow of information and performance and reduce uncertainty in changing environments. Originality/value – The paper illustrates the effects of the four modes of knowledge creation on flexibility of distribution of information and demonstrates that these four modes of knowledge creation affect flexibility of distribution of information positively, thereby improving organizational performance.

4-Octulose Derivatives as Key Intermediates in a New and Short Synthesis of Polyhydroxyindolizidines

Reaction of 3 with (cyanomethylene)triphenylphosphorane in refluxing dichloromethane or methanol gave mixtures of 4a and 4b in ratios of about 3:1 and 1:3, respectively. The same reaction performed with the furanoid isomer 5 afforded 6a and 6b in (E)/(Z) ratios of approximately 9:1 and 1:2, respectively. Catalytic hydrogenation of the α,β-unsaturated nitriles 4 and 6 with either 10% Pd-C or Raney nickel afforded the saturated nitriles 7 and 9, or the 1-amino-1,2,3-trideoxy-4-octulose derivatives 8 and 10, respectively. In an attempt to transform 6a into the appropriate polyhydroxylated branched-chain pyrrolidine 15, (5R,8S,9R,10S)-8,9,10-trihydroxy-1-aza-6-oxaspiro[4.5]decane, which was identified as its peracylated derivative 16, was isolated. Following an alternative synthetic strategy, partial hydrolysis of compound 9 afforded 17 which was regioselectively transformed into the corresponding derivative 22 via its 8-O-p-toluenesulfonyl derivative 18. Removal of the 4,5-O-isopropylidene group in 22 with aqueous trifluroacetic acid gave the free octulose 23, which was hydrogenated in the presence of 10% Pd-C, to afford the expected (6S,7R,8R,8aR)-6,7,8-trihydroxyindolizidine (1-deoxycasta-nospermine, 11).

How Does Management Perceive Exporting? An Empirical Study of SMEs

Suvokimas apie eksporto svarbą verslo valdymo srityje gali daryti didele įtaką mažų ir vidutinių įmonių (MVĮ) eksportui. Jis gali nulemti sprendimą: diegti eksporto strategiją ir kitas strategijas, taikomas siekiant įtvirtinti eksportą ar ne. Siame darbe nagrinėjami du pagrindiniai aspektai. Pirmasis – tai laikas, per kurį vadovo supratimas apie eksportą daro įtaką sprendimui eksportuoti, o antrasis yra taikomas toms MVĮ, kurios jau yra eksportuotojos. Siame straipsnyje nagrinėjamas vadovo supratimas, turintis reiksme įsipareigojimui dėl eksporto. Siam tikslui buvo patobulintos ir patvirtintos kai kurios pakopos, pagrįstos struktūrinėmis lygtimis, skirtomis įvertinti eksportavimo privalumų ir trūkūmų suvokimą. Abi analizės atliktos atsižvelgiant į tai, ar MVĮ yra privatus verslas ar ne, todėl gauti rezultatai gali paaiskinti galimą sio fakto įtaką. Siame tyrime analizuojami du aspektai: eksporto privalumų ir barjerų suvokimas, taip pat siekiama issiaiskinti kaip juos suvokia vadovas. Kuo geriau vadovybė suvokia kliūtis, tuo mažesnė bus neigiama įtaka eksporto veiklai ir atvirksciai. Kartu su organizaciniais aspektais taip pat apžvelgti ir pažintiniai organizacijos aspektai, kurie įgyjami kompanijoje. Sie du aspektai bus analizuojami remiantis privacia nuosavybe, kuri valdo kompaniją, taip pat ir strategija, naudojama užmegzti rysius su isoriniu pasauliu (būsena pries tampant eksportuotoju ar esant eksportuotoju; ir eksportuotojo eksporto įsipareigojimų laipsnis). Esminiai įmonės vadovybės suvokti barjerai ar kliūtys daugiausiai yra informatyvūs ir vidiniai barjerai. Informatyvūs barjerai atskleidžia nemažai informacijos apie trūkumus eksportuojant mažose ir vidutinėse įmonėse. Vidiniai barjerai aiskiai parodo faktą, kad nustatytas vidinių resursų trūkumas labai stabdo MVĮ eksportą. Egzistuoja didelis skirtumas tarp to, kaip verslo vadovai suvokia eksporto privalumus. Sį faktą patvirtina ne apskritai įvairus eksporto barjerų suvokimas, o labiau pacių privalumų suvokimas. Tokiu būdu galima daryti isvadą, kad eksporto barjerų suvokimas nepriklauso nuo įmonės dydžio. Mažesnių, mažiau patyrusių MVĮ vadovai suvokia didesnius eksporto barjerus, susijusius su resursų trūkumu, kartu ir didesnius eksporto proceso privalumus. Tokių barjerų, taip pat privalumų tyrimas neatskleidė didesnių skirtumų tarp privacių ir neprivacių įmonių. Kita empirinė isvada yra ta, kad pleciantis nacionalinei veiklos sriciai, vadovai suvokia, kad trūkstant resursams ir ignoruojant užsienio rinkas, susidaro daug kliūcių eksportui, todėl potencialių privalumų suvokimas tuo metu tampa ypac pozityvus. Eksporto siūlomus potencialius privalumus daugiau suvokia jau ilgesnį laiką eksportuojancios įmonės, nei tos, kurios dar neeksportavo. Be to, kai įmonė laikosi strategijoje numatytų tarptautinių įsipareigojimų, pries tai paminėtos kliūtys nėra lemiamos, trukdancios eksportą. Nustatyta, kad sios kliūtys labiau suvokiamos įmonėse, kurių eksporto intensyvumas yra nedidelis. Suvokimas kaip organizuoti eksportą ir valdyti patį jo procesą yra viena is svarbiausių funkcijų kalbant apie eksportą. Sis suvokimas remiasi veiksnių, kurie gali paskatinti tam tikrų programų, skirtų internacionalizacijos paramai sukūrimas ir plėtra, deriniu. Tokias funkcijas galincių atlikti organizacijų yra daug ir įvairių, pradedant nuo pacios įmonės iki Viesųjų administratorių, Nacionalinių ar regioninių eksporto rėmimo agentūrų, Komercijos rūmų, Verslo federacijų, vietinės plėtros agentūrų, Sektoriaus asociacijų ir kitų. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.23.2.1547

Improving Organisational Performance Through Reverse Logistics

Reverse logistics involves several activities that, based on decisions on how to implement and use them, seriously affect and impact the performance of an organisation. This paper analyses how different activities of reverse logistics could affect costs, and thus the performance of the organisation. The study is based on a survey of companies of the Spanish market and applies a structural model. The analysis provides evidence that: (1) based on the type of an activity, reverse logistics has different cost; therefore, it is important to select the most appropriate combination and implementation of reverse logistics activities. (2) Reverse logistics activities affect reverse logistics cost, and thus it decisively determines organisational performance. A number of implications and contributions stems from the discussion and conclusions of the study.Abstract Reverse logistics involves several activities that, based on decisions on how to implement and use them, seriously affect and impact the performance of an organisation. This paper analyses how different activities of reverse logistics could affect costs, and thus the performance of the organisation. The study is based on a survey of companies of the Spanish market and applies a structural model. The analysis provides evidence that: (1) based on the type of an activity, reverse logistics has different cost; therefore, it is important to select the most appropriate combination and implementation of reverse logistics activities. (2) Reverse logistics activities affect reverse logistics cost, and thus it decisively determines organisational performance. A number of implications and contributions stems from the discussion and conclusions of the study.

Thioanhydro sugars. Part IX: Enantiospecific synthesis of a polyhydroxythio lane, key intermediate for the preparation of glycosidase inhibitors bearing inner thiosulfonium salt

Abstract (2 R ,3 R ,4 S )-3,4-Dihydroxy-2-[( R )-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]thiolane (1,4-anhydro-4-thio- d -mannitol), 1 has been prepared from methyl 4,6- O -benzylidene-α- d -altropyranoside 2 in seven steps, the latter being readily available from commercial methyl α- d -glucopyranoside.