Anup Maiti

Effective Control of Type 2 Diabetes through Antioxidant Defense by Edible Fruits of Diospyros peregrina

The matured fruits of Diospyros peregrina are successfully employed by the traditional healers and local people of costal West Bengal, India for the treatment of diabetes. Present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the role of hydroalcoholic extract of D. peregrina (HDP) on type 2 diabetes as well as the augmented oxidative stresses associated with it. Oral administration of HDP at 25, 50 and 100 mg kg−1 body weight per day to diabetic rats was found to possess significant dose-dependent hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity. The diabetic rats showed lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content in hepatic and renal tissues as compared to normal rats. The activities of SOD, CAT and GSH were found to be increased in extract-treated diabetic rats in selected tissues. The increased level of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) in diabetic rats was also found to be reverted back to near normal status in extract-treated groups. Thus it may be concluded that the HDP may produce its hypoglycemic effect through antioxidant defense mechanism.

Swietenine: A potential oral hypoglycemic from Swietenia macrophylla seed

Swietenine, a tetranortriterpenoid, was isolated from the Swietenia macrophylla seeds. The in vivo hypoglycemic activity was evaluated against neonatal-streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats. Oral administration of swietenine at 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight per day to diabetic rats was found to possess significant dose dependant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity in type 2 diabetic rats.

Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of the seeds of Swietenia macrophylla in diabetic rats

The effect of a methanol extract of the seeds of Swietenia macrophylla King. (Meliaceae) was evaluated with streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty-eight hours after streptozotocin injection, the extract, at doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg, was administered orally for 12 consecutive days. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and normoglycemic activity were also measured during this course of experiment. The extract was found to be potent antidiabetic as evidenced by significant (p < 0.01) reduction of blood glucose level of diabetic rats from day 5 onward by both the doses (maximal effect of 59.69% reduction of blood glucose level, at 300 mg/kg, on day 12, p < 0.01). Results demonstrated a significant reduction of serum lipids (maximal effect of 45.41 and 37.78% reduction of cholesterol and triglyceride, respectively, at 300 mg/kg, p <0.01) and elevation of liver glycogen level (maximal effect of 58.14%, at 300 mg/kg, p < 0.01) in diabetic rats, comparable to that of standard antidiabetic glibenclamide at 10 mg/kg. In OGTT, the extract at different doses showed significant reduction in plasma glucose level (p < 0.01) at the second hour. The extract also revealed low reduction of fasting blood glucose level in normal rats (maximal effect of 19.64% reduction, at 300 mg/kg, on day 12, p < 0.01) while glibenclamide at 10 mg/kg exhibited maximum effect of 23.27% (p <0.01) on day 12. Improvement of body weight profile was also observed in extract-treated diabetic rats.

Study of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Schima wallichii bark

Hydroalcoholic extract of Schima wallichii Choisy. (Ternstroemiaceae) bark (HESW) was investigated for its anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic activities. The anti-inflammatory effects of the HESW were assayed by using carrageenan and dextran (acute model) induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma assay (chronic model) in experimental rats. Oral administration of HESW at the doses of 150 and  300 mg/kg caused dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan and dextran induced inflammation. HESW at the doses of 150 and  300 mg/kg caused significant dose-dependent reduction of the granuloma tissue formation in experimental rats. The extract at the oral doses of 50 and  100 mg/kg body weight exhibited significant central and peripheral analgesic activity in acetic acid induced writhing test and hot-plate test respectively in experimental mice. Treatment with HESW at the oral doses of 150 and  300 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced the yeast-provoked elevated body temperature in experimental rats in a dose-dependent manner.

Anti-inflammatory effect of a methanolic extract of leaves of Dregea volubilis.

AIM OF STUDY The aim of this study was to establish the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of Dregea volubilis leaves (MEDV) with its fractions and to delineate the possible mechanism of action for MEDV. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory activities of MEDV along with its petroleum ether and chloroform fractions were evaluated in a carrageenan induced model of acute inflammation. The effect of MEDV on lipopolysaccharide induced production of nitric oxide (NO) in macrophages was also studied. RESULTS MEDV (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) significantly reduced carrageenan induced paw edema; chloroform fraction was most potent (66%, p<0.001). MEDV was non-toxic up to 125 μg/ml in mouse peritoneal macrophages wherein it (0-100 μg/ml) reduced lipopolysaccharide induced NO production. CONCLUSION MEDV possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity. Chloroform fraction of MEDV showed best anti-inflammatory activity.

Isolation of hypoglycemic phytoconstituent from Swietenia macrophylla seeds.

The present study was undertaken to isolate a novel antidiabetic molecule from Swietenia macrophylla seeds. The hydroalcohol extract of Swietenia macrophylla seeds was subjected for bioassay guided isolation employing glucose utilization assay by the isolated rat hemi‐diaphragm method in vitro. One tetranortriterpenoid, swietenine, isolated from the chloroform fraction exhibited significant (p < 0.01) activity and the effect was comparable to that of human insulin (p < 0.01). Copyright

Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Diospyros peregrina fruit on Type I diabetic rats

Chronic diabetes complications are mainly associated with augmented oxidative stress. Thus the present study evaluated the hypoglycemic, as well the antioxidant effect, of the methanol extract of Diospyros peregrina Gurke. (Ebenaceae) fruits on experimental diabetic rats. Oral administration of methanol extract at 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight per day to diabetic rats was found to have profound hypoglycemic activity in term of reduction of fasting blood glucose level. The diabetic rats showed lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) content in hepatic and renal tissues as compared with normal rats. The activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH were found to be increased in extract-treated diabetic rats in selected tissues. The increased levels of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and hydroperoxides) in diabetic rats were also found to be reverted back to near-normal status in extract-treated groups. It was found that the extract is more effective at the dose of 300 mg/kg body weight and this effect is almost comparable to that of standard glibenclamide.

Swietenine, Big Leaf Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Seed Extract as a Hypoglycemic Agent

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a research approach to isolating a novel antidiabetic molecule from Swietenia macrophylla seeds. The seeds of Swietenia macrophylla have been reported to possess hypotensive, antiinflammatory, antimutagenic, antitumor, and antibabesial activities. Petroleum ether extract of Swietenia macrophylla seeds has been reported to produce significant antidiarrheal activity and its aqueous extract has been reported to be effective against Plasmodium falciparum. The ethno-medicinal literature reveals that the Swietenia macrophylla seeds were used as a folk medicine in Indonesia for the treatment of diabetes. Preliminary pharmacological assay revealed that Swietenia macrophylla seeds possess significant hypoglycemic activity in experimental diabetic rats. Subsequent work was carried out to isolate the chemical constituent from seed, employing the bioassay-guided fractionation method. In vitro peripheral glucose utilization assay, using the isolated rat hemidiaphragm method, was employed to isolate lead from Swietenia macrophylla seeds. In vivo antidiabetic bioassay of swietenine revealed that it exhibited significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg p.o. Acute and subacute toxicity studies revealed that swietenine is non-toxic at its therapeutic dose in experimental animals.

Hypoglycemic activity of diospyros peregrina fruits in diabetic rats

SUMMARY Diospyros peregrina Gurke. (Ebenaceae) is a small middle sized tree grows luxuriantly in the plains of costal West Bengal, India. The objective of the study was to explore the antidiabetic activity of methanol extract of matured fruits of Diospyros peregrina to substantiate the folklore claim of traditional practitioners. It was also aimed to establish correlation with reduction of oxidative state associated with diabetes. Methanol extract of matured fruits of Diospyros peregrina was administered orally at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight for 12 consecutive days to normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Fasting blood glucose level was estimated in both normal and diabetic rats while serum lipid profiles, liver glycogen level and pancreatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were evaluated for diabetic rats. Initial and final changes in body weight were also recorded. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed during the course of study. Experimental findings showed significant antidiabetic potential of extract in term of reduction of fasting blood glucose level of both normal and diabetic rats. It was found that extract at the dose of 300 mg/kg body weight is more effective and percentage reduction (55.64) of elevated blood glucose level is comparable to that of standard drug glibenclamide (60.60) at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Observed data found statistically significant in reduction of serum lipid and pancreatic TBARS levels whilst improvement was observed in liver glycogen level and body weight profiles in extract treated diabetic rats.

Effect of Swietenia macrophylla seeds on normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats

SUMMARY The methanol extract of the seed of Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) seeds were investigated forits hypoglycaemic activity in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Seed extract suspended inaqueous Tween 80 solution, the graded doses were administered to normal and experimentaldiabetic rats for 10 days. Fasting blood glucose levels, serum lipid profiles and changes in bodyweight were evaluated in normal rats while the hepatic marker enzymes and liver glycogen levelswere evaluated additionally in diabetic rats. The diabetic groups treated with the seed extractwere compared with standard drug glibenclamide. The findings showed the significantantidiabetic potential of the extract in ameliorating the diabetic conditions in diabetic rats. Theextract also has hypoglycaemic action in normal rats. A toxicity study has been performed for theextract, which revealed that the extract is safe to use even at the doses of 3.2 mg/kg of bodyweight orally. The result from the present investigation indicates good correlation between thefolk use and scientific investigation.Keys words: Swietenia macrophylla; Alloxan; Antidiabetic