Archana Khosa

Nanostructured lipid carriers for site-specific drug delivery

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), comprises of a blend of solid and liquid lipids which results in a partially crystallized lipid system and imparts many advantages over solid lipid nanoparticles such as enhanced drug loading capacity, drug release modulation flexibility and improved stability. NLC have found numerous applications in both pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry due to ease of preparation, the feasibility of scale-up, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, enhanced targeting efficiency and the possibility of site-specific delivery via various routes of administration. This review highlights the NLC with focus on the structure, the various fabrication techniques used and the characterization techniques which are critical in the development of a suitable and stable formulation. The review also provides an insight into the potential of NLC as site-specific delivery systems and the therapeutic applications explored via various routes of administration.

Lyotropic liquid crystal nanoparticles: A novel improved lipidic drug delivery system

Abstract Lipid-based liquid crystalline nanoparticles have attracted great attention in the field of drug delivery. These systems consist of amphiphilic lipid molecules which self-assemble in aqueous environments to form complex three-dimensional structures. This complex structure can hold both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and can release at different predetermined rates. The advent of lipid-based liquid nanocrystals or lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) nanoparticles having highly ordered, thermodynamically stable, internal nanostructure has added a new dimension in formulation studies and has garnered a lot of interest amongst the scientific community. These novel lipidic systems have been proven for several advantages, such as multi-drug loading, high drug entrapment efficiency, potential for controlled and targeted release through functional modifications, reduced toxicity and biodegradable nature. This chapter gives an overview of recent advances and current status of LLC nanoparticles, especially with respect to method of preparations, physichochemical characterizations, biopharmaceutical performance, and applications in the field of drug delivery for different therapeutic areas. This review has focused in detail on the various phases of LLCs and potential materials of composition and their phase transition behavior with respect to various factors, knowledge of which would, in turn, help the reader in selecting the method of preparation and suitable characterization techniques. In addition, potential problems and possible future research directions for industrial scale-up and translation from bench to bed are highlighted.

A simplified and sensitive validated RP-HPLC method for determination of temozolomide in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study

Abstract The present study describes the first fully validated RP-HPLC method for the quantification of temozolomide, an anti-cancer drug, in rat plasma. The method is simple, rapid, specific, sensitive and also environment-friendly. Further, the method can be translated for analysis with an LC-MS system with minor modifications. The procedure involved a simple step of protein precipitation for extraction of temozolomide and the internal standard, ganciclovir from the plasma. Efficient chromatographic separation was performed on reversed phase C-18 Oyster BDS Premium (5u2009μm, 4.6×150u2009mm) column using dual wavelength UV detector at 329u2009nm for temozolomide and 310u2009nm for the internal standard using a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 0.5% aqueous acetic acid and methanol (98:2, v/v) in an isocratic mode at a flow rate of 1u2009mL/min. The method was sensitive with an LLOQ of 50u2009ngu2009mL−1 and demonstrated good linearity from 50 to 10000u2009ngu2009mL−1 with a regression coefficient of 0.998. The extraction efficiency was found to be >90.0% and all other validation parameters such as accuracy, precision and stability were well within limits. The method was successfully employed for the in-vivo pharmacokinetic study of temozolomide in rat. Graphical Abstract

Development and Validation of Cost Effective UV-Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Domperidone in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations

Domperidone, a benzimidazole derivative, is a peripheral dopamine antagonist with antiemetic and gastroprokinetic properties [1]. Chemically (Fig. 1), it is 6-chloro-3-{1-[3-(2oxo-3H-benzimidazol-1-yl)propyl]piperidin-4-yl}-1Hbenzimidazol-2-one. Its action is similar to metoclopramide hydrochloride but its inability to cross blood-brain barrier attributed to fewer neurological adverse effects than metoclopramide [2]. It thus offers superior safety profile for long-term oral administration in the recommended doses. Domperidone is approved in India, United Kingdom and many other countries and can now be officially prescribed to patients in the United States through an expanded access investigational new drug application for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease with upper gastrointestinal symptoms, gastroparesis, and chronic constipation [3]. Literature survey has revealed that UV-spectroscopic [4-6], HPTLC [7], RP-HPLC [8-10], and LC-MS [11,12] methods are reported for estimation of domperidone. HPLC and LC-MS methods requires sophisticated instrument and complex procedures. Furthermore, these methods are time consuming and costlier. There are few UV-spectroscopic methods are reported but use of organic solvents, complex procedure and need for additional dilution steps for in vitro release study are the major limitations. Thus, there is a need for a simple, Development and Validation of Cost Effective UV-Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Domperidone in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations