Ardalan Alizadeh

Essential Oil Composition, Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity and Antifungal Properties of Iranian Thymus daenensis subsp. daenensis Celak. as in Influenced by Ontogenetical Variation

The chemical composition of essential oil isolated by hydro distillation from the aerial parts of Thymus daenensis subsp. daenensis Celak., at different harvest times were determined using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty six components were identified in Thymus daenensis essential oils. The main components of the oil were thymol (66.62-71.49 %), p-cymene (5.52-7.12 %), β-caryophyllene (3.91-4.09 %), δ-terpinene (3.22-4.3 %) and carvacrol (2.64-2.77 %). The total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of plant extract was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay respectively. Total phenols varied from 18.82 to 18.97 (mg GAE/g dw) and the IC in the radical scavenging assay ranged from 8.23 to 8.46 mg/ml and FRAP values ranged form 24.23 to 26.45 µM Quercetin E/g dw. The highest thymol content and radical scavenging effect was found in flowering stage. The essential oil showed 47.89-90.34 % inhibitory properties on Alternaria solani, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani. The results showed that Flowering stage of harvesting times increased in dry plant weight, and antioxidant activity, and thymol content. Also the oil of T. daenensis has a high antifungal activities against three phathogenic fungi.

Essential Oil Constituents, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Salvia virgata Jacq. from Iran

The chemical composition of essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial part of Salvia virgata under different ontogenesis (pre-flowering and full-flowering) conditions were determined using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty nine constituents were identified in S. virgata essential oils under different ontogenesis conditions that represented 98.36 - 99.18 % of the oils. The main components of the oil were β-caryophyllene (24.58-42.54 %), caryophyllene oxide (10.25-19.88 %), sabinene (8.64-19.58 %), 1-Octen -3-Ol (7.54-8.59 %), terpinene-4-ol (4.25-6.64 %) and α-thujene (3.74-6.46 %). The total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of plant extract were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay respectively. Total phenols varied from 21.84 to 24.38 (mg GAE/g dw) and the IC50 in the radical scavenging assay ranged from 22.12 to 24.45 mg/ml and FRAP values ranged form 26.84 to 28.46 μM Quercetin E/g dw. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was evaluated using the disc diffusion method. The oils of various ontogenesis conditions showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans two medically important pathogens.

Essential oil constituents, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Lavandula stricta Delile growing wild in southern Iran

Abstract Lavandula stricta belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is considered as an endemic medicinal plant in southern Iran. Essential oil composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity from two different populations of L. stricta were studied for the first time. A GC and GC/MS analysis of essential oil isolated from the aerial part of L. stricta identified 31 constituents; the major constituents were α-pinene (58.34–63.52%), linalool (8.85–9.36%), 3-methyl butyl 2-methyl butanoate (7.45–7.70%), sabinene (2.84–3.56%), limonene (2.87–3.21%) and myrcene (2.25%). The total phenolic content of methanolic extracts was determined with the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract and essential oil were determined with the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, respectively. Total phenols varied from 61.05 to 64.45 mg GAE/g dry weight, and IC50 values in the radical scavenging assay ranged from 334.11 to 395.23 μg/mL in methanolic extracts and 420–475 μg/mL in essential oil.

Essential Oil Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Eryngium caeruleum Grown Wild in Iran

Abstract: An experiment was carried out to identify the essential oil composition and antibacterial activitiy on Eryngium caeruleum (Apiaceae). Aerial part of E. caeruleum was harvested at pre-flowering stage. Essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation using Clevenger type apparatus during approximately 3 hours and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fifty six components were identified in E. caeruleum oil that represented 99.79 % of the oil. The main components of the oil were, cyclobuta[1,2,3,4]dicyclooctene, hexadecahydro (47.03 %), n-hexadecanoic acid (11.16 %), linoleic (5.41 %), limonene (4.23 %) and cis-α-bisabolene (2.14 %). Antibacterial activity of the essential oil was evaluated by micro broth dilution and disc diffusion methods. The oil showed high antibacterial activity against Streptomyces scabies, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri, Erwinia amylovora, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella sp. But on the other bacteria tested is ineffective.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Micromeria hedgei Rech. f. oil from Iran

Abstract Micromeria hedgei belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is a rare endemic and endangered species that has been used in traditional medicine in Iran. In this regard, essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of wild and cultivated M. hedgei was reported for the first time. Essential oils isolated via hydro distillation from the aerial parts of M. hedgei were analysed by a combination of capillary GC and GC–MS. The major constituents were geranial (18.04 and 22.68%), neral (13.81 and 15.99%), geraniol (13.15 and 10.74%), nerol (7.69 and 6.02%), E-caryophyllene (6.52–3.80%), carvacrol (6.20 and 5.27%), geranyl acetate (5.79 and 3.06%), caryophyllene oxide (4.73 and 3.88%), thymol (3.13 and 3.63%) and α-humulene (3.27 and 3.27%) in wild and cultivated M. hedgei. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils was investigated by disc diffusion method. Essential oil showed good antimicrobial activity against five medically important pathogens compared with standard antibiotics.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Mentha mozaffarianii Jamzad growing wild and cultivated in Iran

Abstract The aerial parts of wild and cultivated Mentha mozaffarianii Jamzad were collected at full flowering stage from two provinces (Hormozgan and Fars) of Iran. The essential oils were extracted by a Clevenger approach and analysed using GC and GC–MS. The main components in wild plants were piperitenone (33.85%), piperitone (21.18%), linalool (6.89%), pulegone (5.93%), 1, 8.cineole (5.49%), piperitenone oxide (5.17%) and menthone (4.69%) and in cultivated plants, cis-piperitone epoxide (28.89%), linalool (15.36%), piperitone (11.57%), piperitenone oxide (10.14%), piperitenone (8.42%),1,8-cineole (3.60%) were the main constituents in essential oil. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of M. mozaffarianii was studied against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The results of the bioassays showed that the oil exhibited high antimicrobial activity against all the tested pathogens.

Essential oil constituents and antimicrobial activity of Pycnocycla bashagardiana Mozaff. from Iran

Abstract Pycnocycla bashagardiana is a rare endemic and endangered species that has been used in folkloric medicine in Southern Iran. This study aimed to evaluate the essential oil constituents and antimicrobial activity of wild and cultivated p. bashagardiana. The aerial parts of wild and cultivated plants were collected from two provinces of Iran. The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by a combination of capillary GC and GC-MS. The main components in wild plants were myristicin (39.12%), (E)-β-ocimene (21.97%), sabinene (15.0%) and cis-iso-miristicin (2.67%) and in cultivated plants, (E)-β-ocimene (55.40%), myristicin (18.27%), (Z)-β-ocimene (12.47%) and cis-iso-miristicin (2.94%) were the main constituents in essential oil. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of P. bashagardiana were studied against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans for the first time. The results showed that the oil exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against all the tested pathogens.

Essential Oil Constituents and Biological Activities of Different Ecotypes of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. as a Traditional Herbal Drug in Southwestern Iran

Abstract Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. belonging to the family Lamiaceae is an important folkloric medicinal plant in Fars province, South western Iran. In this study, essential oil constituents, phenolic content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities from the aerial parts of S. bachtiarica collected from different natural habitats of Fars province were investigated. The essential oil of all samples was extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed using GC and GC-MS. The main chemical constituents were carvacrol (54.95-65.48 %), thymol (12-15.70 %), γ-terpinene (4.55-13.55 %), p-cymene (1.39-5 %), E-caryophyllene (2.22-4.82 %), linalool (2.34-4.09 %) and borneol (1.25-3.64 %). The total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts were determined with the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, respectively. Total phenols varied from 38.38 to 44.55 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight (dw), and IC50 values in the radical scavenging assay ranged from 30.24 to 37.24 mg/mL, while those in the FRAP assay were between 36.45 and 43.24 μM quercetin equivalents/g dw. Results of this study indicated that methanolic extract of S. bachtiarica have high phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was individually evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans using disc diffusion and serial dilution methods. The oils of various geographical and cultivation methods, showed high activity against four medically important pathogens. The results support the traditional usage and also possible use of S. bachtiarica essential oil and extracts in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.