Are Sydnes

A sea change : the exclusive economic zone and governance institutions for living marine resources

Contributing Authors* Preface: A Sea Change in a Changing Sea* SECTION I: Overview 1. Ocean Governance and Institutional Change/Alf Hakon Hoel, Are K. Sydnes and Syma A. Ebbin 2. A Brief Introduction to the Principal Provisions of the International Legal Regime Governing Fisheries in the EEZ/William R. Edeson SECTION II: National Strategies for EEZ Implementation 3. The Performance of Exclusive Economic Zones: The Case of Norway/Alf Hakon Hoel 4. Fisheries Management in the Russian Federation/Geir Honneland 5. Integrated Oceans Management and the Institutional Performance of Exclusive Economic Zones: The Australian Case/Russell E. Reichelt and Geoffrey C. Wescott 6.The Impact of the EEZ on Pacific Salmon Management: An Examination of Institutional Innovation and Interplay in the US Pacific Northwest/Syma A. Ebbin 7. Regulating Access and the Use of Marine Genetic Resources within the Exclusive Economic Zone/Lawrence Kalinoe SECTION III: Regional Strategies for Coordinating the EEZ Regime 8. Regional Fisheries Organisations and International Fisheries Governance/Are K. Sydnes 9. Exclusive Economic Zones and the Management of Fisheries in the South China Sea/Ma. Carmen A. Ablan and Len R. Garces 10. Staking Their Claims: The Management of Marine Resources in the Exclusive Economic Zones of the Pacific Islands/Joeli Veitayaki SECTION IV: A Changing Sea: New and Emerging Institutional Directions for the EEZ 11. FAOs Fisheries Programme and the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development/Serge M. Garcia and David J. Doulman 12. Governing the Bering Sea Region/Oran R. Young 13. Changing Seas, Changing Institutions: Charting New Courses into the Future/Are K. Sydnes, Alf Hakon Hoel and Syma A. Ebbin* Index

Establishing a regional fisheries management organisation for the Western and Central Pacific tuna fisheries

Abstract On the 4th of September 2000 coastal States and fishing nations of the Western and Central Pacific adopted the “Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean” by a majority vote. It is the first agreement to be negotiated on the basis of the UN Fish Stocks Agreement following its adoption in 1995. This article analyses the process leading up to the adoption of the tuna convention in the Western and Central Pacific by applying regime theory. The formation of international regimes is generally understood to comprise of three stages; agenda formation, negotiation and operationalisation. The analysis tests the validity of hypotheses based on power, interests and cognitive factors in explaining the formation of the tuna convention for the Western and Central Pacific. It concludes that different theoretical approaches have relevance during the stages of regime formation.

Oil spill emergency response in Norway: coordinating interorganizational complexity

Abstract Based on offshore industrial developments in the Arctic areas, strengthening the national oil spill emergency response (OSER) system has become a priority for the Norwegian government. The Norwegian OSER system, examined here, is a complex structure with private-, municipal-, and state-level actors that may be mobilized to act as one integrated national system. We first outline the main actors and formal organizational structure of the OSER system. We then distinguish between formal and informal mechanisms as different aspects of coordination between the participating organizations. We further discuss how vertical and horizontal interdependencies among these organizations affect their behavior in terms of interorganizational coordination. The article argues that formal and informal coordination mechanisms are synergetic in that formal mechanisms constitute the core of the interorganizational coordination while informal interactions facilitate their effective functioning. It also concludes that participating actors in the OSER system share a strong sense of common purpose that creates a sense of interdependence, which in turn facilitates cooperative behavior and strengthens interorganizational coordination. These factors contribute to the participating actors’ sense of an effective national OSER system.

Interorganizational coordination in oil spill emergency response: a case study of the Murmansk region of Northwest Russia

Abstract Projected petroleum developments and an increase in maritime oil transportation in the Russian Arctic have raised awareness regarding the need for an effective oil spill emergency response (OSER) system. This paper examines the OSER system in the Murmansk region of Northwest Russia. The system comprises of multiple federal, regional and private organisations with functionally specified tasks. Coordination among the organisations becomes a prerequisite for the system as a whole to function. The study first discusses the different forms of formal and informal coordination mechanisms that are at play in the OSER system. Second, it analyses how the interdependencies in the OSER system affect organisational behavior, in terms of coordination or competition. We first conclude that while formal coordination mechanisms provide structure to the system, informal mechanisms facilitate the formal mechanisms and may compensate for shortcomings. Second, there is a sense of commonality of purpose related to being part of an OSER system that facilitates coordination. Meanwhile, the commercialisation of OSER services impedes coordination, in particular between response providing organisations. This is aggravated by gaps and overlaps in federal laws and policies. However, informants are positive regarding the systems ability to respond effectively in case of an oil spill.

Law and Politics in Ocean Governance: The UN Fish Stocks Agreement and Regional Fisheries Management Regimes

The UN Fish Stocks Agreement was an effort to curb rising conflicts and unilateral actions regarding the rights and duties of States to exploit and manage straddling and highly migratory fish stocks.This volume explores how these commitments are acted upon by States in a selection of regional fisheries management regimes, covering fisheries from the European Arctic to the western and central Pacific Ocean.

Integrating unorganized volunteers in emergency response management

Purpose – When emergencies occur, ordinary members of the public are often the first to respond. However, their use and integration in emergency response remain a challenge. The purpose of this paper is to explore mechanisms and strategies for integrating unorganized volunteers in emergency response. Design/methodology/approach – This is a qualitative case study. A series of anonymized, semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of the key emergency response organizations – the police, ambulance service, fire and rescue service, and the Red Cross, located in the city of Tromso. In addition, regulatory documents used by these organizations were examined, including laws, contingency plans, procedural handbooks and checklists. Findings – Professional responders acknowledge the resource unorganized volunteers may represent when additional capacity is needed. However, being uncertain about their availability and competence, professional responders find it hard to integrate unorganized volun...

Regional fishery organisations in developing regions: adapting to changes in international fisheries law

This article provides a historical analysis of regional fishery organisations in developing regions. It analyses how these organisations have adapted to changes in international fisheries law from the open access regime until the present. It concludes that the roles of regional fishery organisations in developing regions have reflected the interests of member-countries as they have been constituted by the prevailing international fisheries law.

Challenges With Oil Spill Risk Assessment in Arctic Regions: Shipping Along the Northern Sea Route

Arctic regions, and thus ice-covered waters, are continuously getting higher in the national and international political agenda. The world demand in energy resources and the need in development of new transportation routes are pushing industrial activities up North where we see prospects and expectations on one side, and gaps and challenges on the other. Industrial development of the new geographic area is complex, and the priority in transportation is given to marine shipping. For the recent years, transit cargo shipping through the North Eastern Passage or the Northern Sea Route (NSR) increased more than 10 times from 0.11 million tons (4 passages) in 2010 to 1.36 million tons (71 passages) in 2013. Although, the numbers are small compared to global cargo shipping, the sensitive Arctic environment requires the establishment of a oil spill recovery system as well as risk mitigation measures. This, in turn, requires the preceding development of a risk assessment methodology for oil spills in ice-covered waters. Therefore, this paper presents the challenges involved in Arctic shipping along the NSR and identifies the knowledge gaps with respect to environmental risk assessment of accidental oil spill.Copyright