Ariadna Valentina Lopes

Effects of Pioneer Tree Species Hyperabundance on Forest Fragments in Northeastern Brazil

Despite many studies on fragmentation of tropical forests, the extent to which plant and animal communities are altered in small, isolated forest fragments remains obscure if not controversial. We examined the hypothesis that fragmentation alters the relative abundance of tree species with different vegetative and reproductive traits. In a fragmented landscape (670 km(2) ) of the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil, we categorized 4056 trees of 182 species by leafing pattern, reproductive phenology, and morphology of seeds and fruit. We calculated relative abundance of traits in 50 1-ha plots in three types of forest configurations: forest edges, small forest fragments (3.4-83.6 ha), and interior of the largest forest fragment (3500 ha, old growth). Although evergreen species were the most abundant across all configurations, forest edges and small fragments had more deciduous and semideciduous species than interior forest. Edges lacked supra-annual flowering and fruiting species and had more species and stems with drupes and small seeds than small forest fragments and forest interior areas. In an ordination of species similarity and life-history traits, the three types of configurations formed clearly segregated clusters. Furthermore, the differences in the taxonomic and functional (i.e., trait-based) composition of tree assemblages we documented were driven primarily by the higher abundance of pioneer species in the forest edge and small forest fragments. Our work provides strong evidence that long-term transitions in phenology and seed and fruit morphology of tree functional groups are occurring in fragmented tropical forests. Our results also suggest that edge-induced shifts in tree assemblages of tropical forests can be larger than previously documented.

Floral biology and reproductive ecology ofClusia nemorosa (Clusiaceae) in northeastern Brazil

Between March 1993 and May 1995 the floral biology and the phenology ofClusia nemorosaG. Mey. (Clusiaceae) were studied in two dioecious populations in Pernambuco State, and some observations were made in gynodioecious populations, that were encountered only in Bahia State. The species flowers from June to January/February. The flowers are bowl shaped, and last only one day. The floral reward is resin which is produced by staminodia in all types of flowers. The sex ratio was 1:1 for the studied populations. The pollen viability was approximately 98%. Apomixis was not observed. The rate of fruit set, in hermaphrodite individuals, under natural conditions and the sex ratio of the gynodioecious populations studied suggest that the hermaphrodite individuals may behave as males.Clusia nemorosa is melittophilous and was visited by 16 species of bees. The main pollinators wereEuplusia mussitans, E. iopyhrra, Eulaema cingulata, E. nigrita, Euglossa cordata andEuglossa sp.

Ten policies for pollinators

What governments can do to safeguard pollination services Earlier this year, the first global thematic assessment from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) evaluated the state of knowledge about pollinators and pollination (1, 2). It confirmed evidence of large-scale wild pollinator declines in northwest Europe and North America and identified data shortfalls and an urgent need for monitoring elsewhere in the world. With high-level political commitments to support pollinators in the United States (3), the United Kingdom (4), and France (5); encouragement from the Convention on Biological Diversitys (CBDs) scientific advice body (6); and the issue on the agenda for next months Conference of the Parties to the CBD, we see a chance for global-scale policy change. We extend beyond the IPBES report, which we helped to write, and suggest 10 policies that governments should seriously consider to protect pollinators and secure pollination services. Our suggestions are not the only available responses but are those we consider most likely to succeed, because of synergy with international policy objectives and strategies or formulation of international policy creating opportunities for change. We make these suggestions as independent scientists and not on behalf of IPBES.

Fenologia reprodutiva e sistema de polinização de Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (Rhamnaceae): atuação de Apis mellifera e de visitantes florais autóctones como polinizadores

(Reproductive phenology and pollination system of Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (Rhamnaceae): the role of Apis mellifera and autochthonous floral visitors as pollinators). Ziziphus joazeiro is an endemic species of the Caatinga with great economic importance, whose reproductive biology is poorly understood. This paper analyses the reproductive phenology, floral biology and pollination system of Ziziphus joazeiro at Cariri Paraibano, northeastern Brazil. Flowering and fruiting periods occurred at the end of the dry season and beginning of the rainy season, with peaks in December (flowering) and February (fruiting). The green, dish-shaped flowers last about 12 hours and have a large yellow nectary surrounding the gynoecium. Protandry occurs associated with heterodichogamy, another type of dichogamy. Ziziphus joazeiro produces little nectar (1 µl) but with a high sugar concentration (75%). Floral visitors were wasps, bees and flies. Apis mellifera had the highest frequency of visits (77.5%), followed by wasps (20.4%), both acting as effective pollinators. Flies and other bee species had a lower percentage of visits (2.1%) and acted as nectar robbers. The high rate of initial fruit development per inflorescence suggests high pollinator efficiency, since the dichogamic mechanism prevents the occurrence of spontaneous self-pollination and geitonogamy.

Reproductive phenological pattern of Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae), an invasive species in Brazil: annual in native areas; continuous in invaded areas of caatinga.

In this study, we evaluated the phenological patterns (vegetative and reproductive) of Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) in Brazil, comparing its phenology in an area where it is invasive with that observed in areas to which it is native. Phenological observations were carried out over a 24-month period at sites in and around areas of caatinga (shrublands). We estimated the relative frequency of each phenophase, and we documented a dramatic difference between phenophases in terms of the pattern of reproductive phenology . The pattern of continuous flowering and fruiting observed in the invaded area strongly diverges from the 2- to 6-month flowering and fruiting period of the annual pattern. The continuous pattern of reproduction seems to have facilitated the invasion of the Brazilian caatinga by C. procera.

Germination responses of the invasive Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. (Apocynaceae): comparisons with seeds from two ecosystems in northeastern Brazil

Life history traits are considered key indicators of plant invasibility. Among them, the germination behavior of seeds is of major relevance because it is influenced by environmental factors of invaded ecosystem. Here, we investigated how seed traits and seed tolerance to environmental factors on seed germination of Calotropis procera vary depending on the invaded ecosystems in northeastern Brazil. We have tested seeds from two vegetation types - Caatinga and Restinga - to different levels of light intensity, salinity, and water stress. Previous to those experiments, seed-set and morphometric analysis were carried out for both studied populations. We have observed a higher seed-set in Caatinga. Seeds produced in this ecosystem had lower seed moisture content. Seeds from Restinga showed lower germination time when light intensity decreased. We observed a reduction in both the germinability and the synchronization index with decreasing osmotic potential and increasing salinity. Nevertheless, both populations exhibited changes in photoblastism when seeds were submitted to water and saline stress. In conclusion, C. procera seeds are tolerant to environmental factors assessed. That characteristic ensures the colonization success and wide distribution of this plant species in the studied ecosystems.

Biologia reprodutiva de Byrsonima gardnerana A. Juss. (Malpighiaceae) e interações com abelhas Centris (Centridini) no nordeste do Brasil

The pollination ecology, the reproductive system and the flowering phenology of Byrsonima gardnerana A. Juss were studied in a Caatinga area of the Parque Nacional do Catimbau, Pernambuco state, Brazil. The species is a shrub with hermaphrodite and zygomorphic flowers, which change color after pollination, with oil as primary floral resource. Flowering pattern is annual, lasting 4-5 months, occurring along the dry season. The species is self-incompatible, has elevated pollen viability and high pollen/ovule ratio. Eleven species of bees were observed visiting the flowers of B. gardnerana, nine of them behaving as pollinators (seven Centris spp.) and two as pollen thieves. Bees of the genus Centris were the most frequent and effective floral visitors, collecting oil and also pollen, in this case vibrating the anthers, always contacting the reproductive structures of the flowers. The flowers of B. gardnerana are, therefore, an important resource to specialized native bees that feed their larvae with floral oils, hence guarantying frequent visits to the flowers.

The alien flora of Brazilian Caatinga: deliberate introductions expand the contingent of potential invaders

Alien floras have been examined at regional and continental scales, but the connections between the cause of introduction and the nature and invasiveness of alien floras remain poorly explored. This is despite the fact that initial introduction determines the alien species pool from which the invasion proceeds. Here we examine the profile of the alien flora of the Brazilian Caatinga, a semi-arid tropical vegetation, in order to define the major connections between economic activities, introduction pressure and nature of the alien flora in terms of taxonomy, native ranges and economic use. Alien plant species introduced in the Caatinga ecosystem were compiled from the literature as well as from herbaria surveys. A total of 205 alien plants species were recorded, distributed across 135 genera and 48 families. The alien flora of the Caatinga ecosystem is clearly explained in terms of taxonomy, native ranges and use by human populations. The highest numbers of alien species belong to the families Poaceae (61 spp.) and Fabaceae (33). Nearly one-third of the alien flora is represented by tropical forage plants, particularly grasses from Africa and America, which were introduced deliberately, particularly as forage for grazing livestock. Finally, 20 alien species were considered invasive, nine of them deliberately introduced, such as those species serving as forage for livestock. The Caatinga “case” calls attention to the socio-ecological drivers of alien floras and to which extent particular regions or biotas are susceptible to experiencing further biological invasion due to deliberate introductions.

Genetic and ecological outcomes of Inga vera subsp. affinis (Leguminosae) tree plantations in a fragmented tropical landscape.

Planting of native trees for habitat restoration is a widespread practice, but the consequences for the retention and transmission of genetic diversity in planted and natural populations are unclear. Using Inga vera subsp. affinis as a model species, we genotyped five natural and five planted populations in the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil at polymorphic microsatellite loci. We studied the breeding system and population structure to test how much genetic diversity is retained in planted relative to natural populations. We then genotyped seedlings from these populations to test whether genetic diversity in planted populations is restored by outcrossing to natural populations of I. vera. The breeding system of natural I. vera populations was confirmed to be highly outcrossing (t = 0.92; FIS = −0.061, P = 0.04), with populations showing weak population substructure (FST = 0.028). Genetic diversity in planted populations was 50% less than that of natural populations (planted: AR = 14.9, HO = 0.865 and natural: AR = 30.8, HO = 0.655). However, seedlings from planted populations showed a 30% higher allelic richness relative to their parents (seedlings AR = 10.5, parents AR = 7.6). Understanding the processes and interactions that shape this system are necessary to provide ecologically sensible goals and successfully restore hyper-fragmented habitats. Future restoration plans for I. vera must consider the genetic diversity of planted populations and the potential for gene flow between natural populations in the landscape, in order to preserve ecological interactions (i.e. pollination), and promote opportunities for outcrossing.

A scientific note on the occurrence of Euglossini bees in the Caatinga, a Brazilian tropical dry forest

Euglossini bees (Apidae) are an exclusively Neotropical monophyletic group of five genera (Aglae, Eufriesea, Euglossa, Eulaema, and Exaerete) with 190 species, (Rebelo, 2001; Ramirez, 2005). In Brazil, the second most diverse country in Euglossini species (Ramirez et al., 2002), 80 species are referred for the Amazon, 57 for the Atlantic forest, and 23 for the Cerrado (Rebelo, 2001). Despite this high richness, new species continue to be described (Ramirez, 2005) and known species are still being recorded from new locations (Nemesio and Silveira, 2004). The Caatinga, a semi-arid ecosystem unique from Brazil, is a deciduous forest with scrub vegetation. It occurs in areas of low and highly seasonal rainfall (500–700 mm/year), and covers 800 000 km2 of Brazil’s territory (ca. 8.6%) in the northeastern region (Leal et al., 2003). It was estimated that more than 40% of its plant species relies on bees for pollination (Machado and Lopes, 2004). However, the Caatinga apifauna is still poorly known (Zanella, 2000; Zanella and Martins, 2003). The aim of this paper is to review and report new records of Euglossini bees for the Caatinga region. We inventoried five sites located in the states of Pernambuco (PE) and Ceara (CE), Brazil (see material online) by attracting Euglossini males using odour