Ariana Paulina Carabajal

Neuroanatomy of Titanosaurid Dinosaurs From the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, With Comments on Endocranial Variability Within Sauropoda

The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed description of the neuroanatomy of Bonatitan, Antarctosaurus, and an unnamed titanosaur from Río Negro, Argentina including the first observations on the inner ear of the two first taxa using CT scans. The materials were compared with previously described sauropod endocasts and other less complete titanosaur braincases from Argentina. The cranial endocasts show the general morphology of other sauropods being bulbous, anteroposteriorly short and transversely wide, and with enlarged and posteroventrally projected pituitary body. Particular titanosaur traits are the extremely short and horizontal olfactory tract, the absence of a floccular process and a single root for cranial nerve XII. In addition, in the basicranium the abducens nerve (CN VI) does not penetrates the pituitary fossa and the internal carotid artery enters the medial aspect of the basipterygoid process, resulting in an external opening for this vessel that is not visible in lateral view of the braincase. The titanosaurid inner ear also exhibits particular traits, such as robust semicircular canals, and anterior and posterior semicircular canals that are subequal in size. The variation observed in the sauropod endocranium indicates an evolutionary tendency in titanosaurs toward the anteroposterior shortening of the midbrain, and the reduction in size of the semicircular canals of the inner ear, in particular the anterior semicircular canal. This, together with the lack of floccular process suggests a narrower range of movements of the head for this clade. Anat Rec, 2012.

The first record of a sauropod dinosaur from Antarctica

Sauropoda is one of the most diverse and geographically widespread clades of herbivorous dinosaurs, and until now, their remains have now been recovered from all continental landmasses except Antarctica. We report the first record of a sauropod dinosaur from Antarctica, represented by an incomplete caudal vertebra from the Late Cretaceous of James Ross Island. The size and morphology of the specimen allows its identification as a lithostrotian titanosaur. Our finding indicates that advanced titanosaurs achieved a global distribution at least by the Late Cretaceous.

Paleobiology of Titanosaurs: Reproduction, Development, Histology, Pneumaticity, Locomotion and Neuroanatomy from the South American Fossil Record

Abstract. Much of the current paleobiological knowledge on titanosaur sauropods was attained in just the last fifteen years, in particular that related to reproductive and developmental biology. Recent years have also seen progress on other poorly explored topics, such as pneumaticity, muscle architecture and locomotion, and endocast reconstruction and associated structures. Some titanosaurs laid numerous, relatively small Megaloolithidae eggs (with diameters ranging from 12 to 14 cm) in nests dug In the ground and, as known from the South American records, probably eggs of the multispherulitic morphotype. During ontogeny, certain titanosaurs displayed some variations in cranial morphology, some of them likely associated with the differing feeding habits between hatchlings and adults. The bone tissue of some adult titanosaurs was rapidly and cyclically deposited and shows a greater degree of remodeling than in other sauropods. Saltasaurines in particular show evidence of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in both axial and appendicular skeleton, providing clues about soft tissue anatomy and the structure of the respiratory system. Titanosaurs, like all sauropods, were characterized by being fully quadrupedal, although some appendicular features and putative trackways indicate that their stance was not as columnar as in other sauropods. These anatomical peculiarities are significantly developed In saltasaurines, a derived group of titanosaurs. Compared with other sauropods, some titanosaurs seem to have had very poor olfaction but would have been capable of capturing sounds In a relatively wide range of high frequencies, although not to the extent of living birds.

Braincase, neuroanatomy, and neck posture of Amargasaurus cazaui (Sauropoda, Dicraeosauridae) and its implications for understanding head posture in sauropods

ABSTRACT The braincase of Amargasaurus cazaui from the Lower Cretaceous of Argentina represents the only dicraeosaurid sauropod neurocranial material known from South America. It has been computer tomographically (CT) scanned and three-dimensional digital reconstructions of the endocranium and inner ear have been made. The cranial endocast is complete, with a volume of approximately 94–98 ml, excluding the dorsal sinuses. The labyrinth of the inner ear is dorsoventrally taller than the lagena, which is conical, and relatively short. The anterior semicircular canal is longer than the posterior and lateral semicircular canals, as in most non-titanosaurid sauropods. When the braincase is oriented with the lateral semicircular canal positioned horizontally, the occipital condyle is oriented posteroventrally, suggesting that the head was held with the muzzle pointing downward. The morphology of the atlas and axis, together with the reconstruction of the osteological neutral pose of the neck, supports this neck and head position, and also indicates the presence of the proatlas in this taxon. The evidence presented here for the skull and neck position of Amargasaurus fits with a midheight food-gathering strategy. The presence of titanosauriforms and rebbachisaurids, together with Amargasaurus, supports the niche partitioning hypothesis for the La Amarga Formation sauropods.

The braincase anatomy of Carnotaurus sastrei (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia

ABSTRACT Carnotaurus sastrei is a large abelisaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia. Its remains include an almost complete skeleton with a well-preserved skull and braincase. Because relatively few abelisaurid braincases are known, the description of the Carnotaurus braincase is important for understanding the variability of this complex structure within the clade. Carnotaurus exhibits traits that characterize the abelisaurid basicranium, such as a well-developed preotic pendant, solid basipterygoid processes, and pneumatic basisphenoid, subsellar, and lateral tympanic recesses. The basipterygoid processes do not project laterally, unlike the divergent processes observed in other abelisaurids. Carnotaurus shares with the Malagasy abelisaurid Majungasaurus crenatissimus caudodorsally oriented paroccipital processes and a maxillomandibular foramen for the trigeminal nerve that in lateral view is aligned with the nuchal crest. The detailed description of the braincase of Carnotaurus presented here provides a better cranial anatomical record of this Patagonian abelisaurid and preliminary insights to the neurocranial morphology within the group.ABSTRACT Carnotaurus sastrei is a large abelisaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia. Its remains include an almost complete skeleton with a well-preserved skull and braincase. Because relatively few abelisaurid braincases are known, the description of the Carnotaurus braincase is important for understanding the variability of this complex structure within the clade. Carnotaurus exhibits traits that characterize the abelisaurid basicranium, such as a well-developed preotic pendant, solid basipterygoid processes, and pneumatic basisphenoid, subsellar, and lateral tympanic recesses. The basipterygoid processes do not project laterally, unlike the divergent processes observed in other abelisaurids. Carnotaurus shares with the Malagasy abelisaurid Majungasaurus crenatissimus caudodorsally oriented paroccipital processes and a maxillomandibular foramen for the trigeminal nerve that in lateral view is aligned with the nuchal crest. The detailed description of the braincase of Carnotaurus presented here provides a better cranial anatomical record of this Patagonian abelisaurid and preliminary insights to the neurocranial morphology within the group.

A Jurassic pterosaur from Patagonia and the origin of the pterodactyloid neurocranium

Pterosaurs are an extinct group of highly modified flying reptiles that thrived during the Mesozoic. This group has unique and remarkable skeletal adaptations to powered flight, including pneumatic bones and an elongate digit IV supporting a wing-membrane. Two major body plans have traditionally been recognized: the primitive, primarily long-tailed paraphyletic “rhamphorhynchoids” (preferably currently recognized as non-pterodactyloids) and the derived short-tailed pterodactyloids. These two groups differ considerably in their general anatomy and also exhibit a remarkably different neuroanatomy and inferred head posture, which has been linked to different lifestyles and behaviours and improved flying capabilities in these reptiles. Pterosaur neuroanatomy, is known from just a few three-dimensionally preserved braincases of non-pterodactyloids (as Rhamphorhynchidae) and pterodactyloids, between which there is a large morphological gap. Here we report on a new Jurassic pterosaur from Argentina, Allkaruen koi gen. et sp. nov., remains of which include a superbly preserved, uncrushed braincase that sheds light on the origins of the highly derived neuroanatomy of pterodactyloids and their close relatives. A µCT ray-generated virtual endocast shows that the new pterosaur exhibits a mosaic of plesiomorphic and derived traits of the inner ear and neuroanatomy that fills an important gap between those of non-monofenestratan breviquartossans (Rhamphorhynchidae) and derived pterodactyloids. These results suggest that, while modularity may play an important role at one anatomical level, at a finer level the evolution of structures within a module may follow a mosaic pattern.

Cranial endocast of the carcharodontosaurid theropod Giganotosaurus carolinii Coria & Salgado, 1995

A complete endocast of Giganotosaurus carolinii CORIA & SALGADO, 1995 was made in latex after removing mechanically the sediment filling of the cerebral cavity of the braincase, thereby allowing the description of the endocranial anatomy of the specimen. The endocast was compared with the other few known natural or artificial theropod endocasts, including the two species of the African allosauroid species Carcharodontosaurus saharicus and C. idiguensis. As in Carcharodontosaurus, the olfactory bulbs in Giganotosaurus are aligned with the forebrain, the midbrain is posteroventrally inclined and the hindbrain is parallel but ventral to the forebrain, showing similarly angled cephalic and pontine flexures. The cranial nerves and blood vessels have a similar disposition as in Carcharodontosaurus saharicus. However, in Giganotosaurus there is only one branch for cranial nerve XII, and cranial nerve XI has a separate internal opening from the vagus foramen (metotic foramen). In C. saharicus, there is a separate opening as well, but it is anterior in position and was probably utilized by cranial nerve IX. The length of the endocast of Giganotosaurus, including the olfactory bulbs, is approximately 19 % longer than the endocast in Carcharodontosaurus saharicus.

New rebbachisaurid cranial remains (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina, and the first endocranial description for a South American representative of the clade

ABSTRACT Here we report new rebbachisaurid material (MMCh-PV 71) recovered from the Candeleros Formation (Cenomanian) of northwest Patagonia, Argentina. The cranial remains consist of a partial braincase and a right quadrate. Fractures in the braincase exposed the endocranial cavity, allowing the first study of the brain and inner ear morphologies of a South American rebbachisaurid. The braincase and cranial endocast both exhibit traits similar to those observed in the Cretaceous rebbachisaurs Nigersaurus from Africa and Limaysaurus from Argentina, although in terms of osteology, the South American taxa are highly similar. The endocast of MMCh-PV 71 is more similar to that of Nigersaurus than to those of Diplodocus and Camarasaurus, suggesting some probable rebbachisaurid features such as the noteworthy presence of the flocculus. The overall morphology of the quadrate shows similarities with Limaysaurus and Nigersaurus. However, differences such as the broader posterior fossa and the shape and orientation of the head and the pterygoid process indicate that the new specimen could represent a distinct taxon.