Arife Kapdan

Comparing the antibacterial activity of gaseous ozone and chlorhexidine solution on a tooth cavity model

Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of gaseous ozone and chlorhexidine solution on a tooth cavity model. Study Design: Twenty-one human molars were divided into 3 groups. Cavities were then cut into the teeth (4 per tooth, 28 cavities per group). After sterilization, the teeth were left in broth cultures of 106 colony-forming units (CFU) ml-1 of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) at 36°C for 48 h. The appropriate treatment followed (group A, control; group B, 2% chlorhexidine solution; and group C, 80s of treatment with ozone, and the cavities were then filled with composite resin. After 72h, the restorations were removed, dentin chips were collected with an excavator, and the total number of microorganisms was determined. Results: Both of the treatments significantly reduced the number of S. mutans present compared with the control group and there was a significant difference between the all groups in terms of the amount of the microorganisms grown (p < 0.05). Group B was beter than group C; and group C was better than group A. Moreover, it was found that the amount of the growth in the group of chlorhexidine was significantly less than that of the ozone group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Chlorhexidine solution was the antibacterial treatment most efficacious on S. mutans; however, ozone application could be an anlternative cavity disinfection method because of ozone’s cavity disinfection activity. Key words:Antibacterial activity, chlorhexidine, ozone, streptococcus mutans, tooth cavity.

Surface roughness and morphologic changes of zirconia: Effect of different surface treatment

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the surface roughness and morphologic changes of pre-sintered ZrO 2 after sandblasting and erbium, chromium: Yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet (Er, Cr: YSGG) laser application of different intensities. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty pre-sintered ZrO 2 cylinders (7 mm diameter, 3 mm height) were prepared and divided into eight groups. Specimens in the control group were not treated. The following treatments were applied: Er, Cr: YSGG laser irradiation with different energy intensities (1-6 W at 20 Hz, with air-water cooling proportion of 65%/55%) and air abrasion with Al 2 O 3 particles (120 μm). Then, all the specimens were sintered. The average surface roughness of each specimen was determined with a profilometer, and the morphology changes of a specimen from each group were evaluated with scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. The surface roughness data were analyzed through one-way analysis of variance and Tukeys honestly significant difference test (P < 0.05). RESULTS There were significant differences between 2 and 6 W irradiations and control group. The highest surface roughness value was obtained with 6 W irradiation (8.14 ± 1.26 Ra), followed by the 5 W (7.60 ± 1.12 Ra), 4 W (7.50 ± 0.90 Ra), 3 W (5.86 ± 1.03 Ra), 2 W (4.54 ± 0.53 Ra) and sandblasting group (2.18 ± 0.92 Ra). 1 W laser irradiation (0.80 ± 0.06 Ra) presented Ra values similar to the control group (0.77 ± 0.03). CONCLUSION The result of the statistical analyses and SEM images showed that Er, Cr: YSGG laser irradiation with 4-6 W/20 Hz presented significantly effect in surface roughness changes of zirconia than other surface treatments.

Comparison of the EndoVac system and conventional needle irrigation on removal of the smear layer in primary molar root canals

Objective: This study aimed to compare the EndoVac system and conventional needle irrigation in removing smear layer (SR) from primary molar root canals. Materials and Methods: Fifty extracted human primary second molar roots were instrumented up to an apical size of 0.04/35 and randomly divided into two main groups; Group 1: EndoVac system (n = 25) and Group 2: Conventional needle irrigation (n = 25) and three subgroups (a) NaOCl + ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (n = 20) (b) ozonated water (OW) + EDTA (n = 20) and (c) saline (control, n = 10). After a standardized final irrigation protocol performed for all teeth, scanning electron microscope images were taken at ×1000 magnification for each thirds of each root canal. Data were analyzed by the weighted kappa, Kruskal–Wallis, and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Results: EndoVac was more effective than conventional needle in the removal of SR from the apical third of the root canal system (P < 0.05). The OW + EDTA regimen provided similar SR removal compared with NaOCl + EDTA. Conclusions: EndoVac has better performance than conventional needle irrigation in the removal of the SR in the apical thirds of the primary molar root canals. As a final irrigation regimen, the OW + EDTA regimen is as effective as the NaOCl + EDTA regimen.

Clinical evaluation of apex locator and radiography in primary teeth

AIM The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of electronic apex locater and radiographic determination of root canal length in primary teeth. METHODOLOGY A total of 32 human primary molar teeth (96 roots) were selected. After endodontic access preparation, root canals were irrigated with physiological saline solution. The access cavities were dried with cotton pellets and, the roots were dried with paper points before performing the electronic measurement. The root canal length measurements were first taken with an apex locater (EndoMaster), and then, a size ♯ 15 K-file was inserted into the root canal, and radiography was taken to determine the working length measurements. The measurement data were recorded and compared by one-way anova and Kruskal-Wallis tests. P < 0.05 was accepted for the significance. RESULTS The mean values for radiography were 13.23 ± 1.92 mm and for EndoMaster were 13.08 ± 1.77 mm. The accuracy of EndoMaster was 80.2% in correct measurements ±1 mm (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The electronic apex locators could be useful in determining working length and thereby decreasing the need for radiographs and exposure to ionizing radiation in pediatric dental patients.

Peripheral ossifying fibroma associated with actinomycosis

Many types of localized reactive lesions may occur on the gingiva, including focal fibrous hyperplasia, pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma and peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF). Clinically differentiating one from the other as a specific entity is often not possible. Histopathological examination is needed in order to positively identify the lesion. The POF is one such lesion, which is a reactive gingival overgrowth occurring frequently in the maxillary anterior region in teenagers and young adults. They are pink to red in color, and commonly associated with poor oral hygiene and early periodontal disease. We report in this study, the clinical report of a 12-year-old male patient with a POF in the maxilla associated with actinomycosis infection. Based on the clinical and histopathological evaluations, the diagnosis was concluded as POF. Clinical, radiographical and histological characteristics are discussed and recommendations regarding treatment and follow-up are provided.

Comparison of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of the EndoVac System and Conventional Needle Irrigation in Primary Molar Root Canals

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of the EndoVac system and conventional needle irrigation to eliminate E faecalis in primary molar root canals. STUDY DESIGN 60 extracted human primary second molar roots were instrumented up to an apical size .04/35 and randomly divided into two groups; Group 1: conventional needle (n=30) and Group 2: EndoVac (n=30), and four subgroups (two experimental subgroups; (a) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) + ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (n=20), (b) ozonated water (OW) + EDTA (n=20), and control groups (c) 5.25% NaOCl (n=10) and (d) saline (n=10). All roots were sterilized and then inoculated with E.faecalis. Before and after final irrigation procedures, root canals were sampled and the grown colony forming units (CFUs) were counted. Data were analyzed by Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests using a 0.05 significance level. RESULTS The EndoVac reduced more bacteria than the conventional needle did but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). NaOCl alone or followed by EDTA totally eliminated bacteria. OW + EDTA showed higher reduction of bacteria but could not totally eliminate bacterias. CONCLUSIONS In the context of bacterial elimination, the EndoVac was not significantly better than the conventional needle. Although, there were fewer CFU/mg when using EndoVac, there was not any statistically significant superiority to conventional needle irrigation. An OW+EDTA regimen showed antibacterial effect in the primary molar root canals but it was significantly less effective than NaOCl+EDTA.

PYOGENIC GRANULOMA: A CASE REPORT

Amac: Bu calismanin amaci, 12 yasinda bir kiz cocugunda gorulen piyojenik granulomanin tedavisinin ve 12 aylik takip surecinin degerlendirilmesidir. Olgu bildirimi: Piyojenik granuloma vaskuler tumorler icinde yer alan bir lezyondur. Gingivadaki butun reaktif lezyonlarin %30-60’ini teskil eder. Piyojenik granulomanin gelismesinde travma, damar duvari enfeksiyonlari, hormonal faktorler, yabanci cisimler, hipertansiyon ve zayif oral hijyenin etken oldugu bildirilmektedir. Tum yas gruplarinda ve her iki cinste de gorulebilir. Oral kavite de piyojenik granuloma lezyonlarina en sik gingivada rastlanir. Kesin tani sadece biyopsisi alinan dokunun histopatolojik incelenmesi ile konulabilir. Bu lezyonun tedavisi cerrahi eksizyondur. Yeterli bir cerrahi eksizyon yapilmazsa lezyonun tekrarlama riski vardir. 12 yasindaki kiz cocugu ust cene anterior palatinal bolgesindeki disetinde sislik ve bu bolgede kanama sikayetleri ile klinigimize basvurdu. Baslangic tedavisi olarak hastaya oral hijyen egitimi verildi, plak ve dis taslari uzaklastirildi. Lezyonun agizda gorulebilecek diger patolojik olusumlardan ayirici tanisini yapabilmek icin lokal anestezi altinda bisturi yardimiyla eksizyonel biyopsi ile alindi. Maksillada ek olarak frenektomi operasyonu, mandibulada ise oral hijyen kosullarini daha rahat saglamasi icin vestibul derinlestirme operasyonu yapilmistir. Hastanin uc aylik takibi sonucu palatinal bolgedeki diseti buyumelerinin tekrar olustugu gorulmustur. Bunun sonucunda tekrar gingivektomi operasyonu gerceklestirilmesine karar verilmistir. Gerceklestirilen gingivektomi operasyonu sonrasinda hasta oral hijyen konusunda tesvik edilip kontrol randevularina cagrildi. Sonuc: Eksizyonel biyopsi sonrasinda isik mikroskobu altinda histopatolojik olarak incelenen kitleye “Piyojenik Granuloma” tanisi konuldu. Kontrol muayenesinde klinik olarak herhangi bir nuks mevcut degildi. Anahtar Kelimeler: piyojenik granuloma, eksizyonel biyopsi

Which is the most effective disinfection method in primary root canals: Conventional or newly developed ones?

BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the-potassium-titanyl-phosphate--the KTP laser and ozone in of primary root canals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty primary incisor teeth were selected. The specimens were inoculated with 10 mL Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). Groups: The KTP laser (1,5 W); gaseous ozone (150 s); sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); saline group. Sterile paper points used to sample bacteria from the canals to tubes containing 5 mL of brain heart infusion broth. Then, 10 mL suspension was incubated in culture media for 24 h. Data were analyzed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS There were statistically significant differences between all groups (P<0.05). Complete sterilization was achieved in the 2.5% NaOCl group. The number of bacteria were significantly reduced in experimental groups in comparison to the saline group. CONCLUSION The KTP laser and ozone application provided a significant antibacterial effect in primary root canals; however, 2.5% NaOCl was superior.

Influence of erbium: Yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, potassium titanyl phosphate laser irradiation, and acid etch on microtensile bond strength of adhesives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of one layer or two-layer applications of single bond (SB) and prime & bond (PB) which prepared with erbium: Yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser, potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser, and acid-etched dentin. Various surface pretreatments have been developed to have better adhesion to dentine. However, the effects of laser-etch and acid-etch on adhesion with various applications of bonding agents have not yet been achieved. Twenty-four human third molar teeth were used in this study. One-third of the teeth were removed; then the teeth divided into three groups and two subgroups randomly. After Er:YAG laser, KTP laser, and acid-etch applied to dentine, SB and PB applied one or two layer for the subgroups. Waiting in distilled water for 24 h, the teeth were sectioned to sticks and the sticks were stressed in tension until failure using a microtensile testing machine. The data were collected in SPSS for statically analysis with three-way ANOVA and independent sample t-tests at the confidence interval of 95%. The highest μTBS values were in Er:YAG laser and PB group in one-layer application. The Er:YAG laser can be useful to obtain high μTBS values. Applying a second consecutive coat of adhesive showed decreased μTBS values and KTP laser was not effective to obtain an increased μTBS values.

Microtensile Bond Strength of One vs Two Layer Applications of Three Disposable Seventh Generation Adhesives

Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of single versus two layers of three different 7 th generation adhesives. Materials and Methods: One third of the human molar teeth from the coronal portion was removed and smear layer was created on these surfaces by using Silicone carbide paper. Adper Easy Bond (AEB), ClearfilS3 bond Single Dose (CS3) and Optibond Unidose (OB) were applied to flat dentin according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Six groups; Group1: single application of AEB, Group2: twice application of AEB Group3: single application of CS3, Group4: twice application of CS3 Bond Group5: single application of OB, Group6: twice application of OB, were obtained. After applying adhesive, resin composite crowns were build up in 1mm increments up to 5 mm. After storage in distillated water for 24 hour (h), the specimens were sectioned to sticks and 15 sticks were obtained for each group. The sticks were stressed in tension until failure to see the microtensile bond strength values using a microtensile testing machine and the data were recorded. After recording data in SPSS 15.0, statistical analyses were made with ANOVA, Independent Sample T test and Tukey’s post-hoc test at 0.05 level of significance.