Arinto Yudi Ponco Wardoyo

A study of the correlation between ultrafine particle emissions in motorcycle smoke and mice erythrocyte damages

Sharply increasing of motor vehicles every year contributes to amounts of ultrafine particles (UFPs) in the air. Besides, the existence of UFPs in the blood may cause erythrocyte damages that subject to shape deformation. This study was aimed to investigate the influence of UFPs in the motorcycle smoke exposed to mice in different concentrations to the erythrocyte damages. The experiments were conducted by injecting the motorcycle smoke with the varied amounts in an experimental chamber (dimension of 30×20×20cm3) where the mice were put in advance for exposuring twice a day (100s). Total numbers of UFPs in the smoke were calculated by measuring the total concentrations multiplied by the smoke debit. They were measured using a TSI 8525 P-Trak UPC. The effects of the smoke exposures in the mices erythrocytes related to the UFPs in the smoke were observed by a binocular CX-31 Computer Microscope after the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th exposure days. The erythrocyte damages were calculated from the total abnormal erythrocytes divided by the total erythrocytes. Our results showed that more UFPs exposed to mice resulted in more the erythrocytes damages. Longer exposures caused more damages of the mice erythrocytes. This study found significant correlations between the numbers of UFPs exposed to mice and the erythrocyte damages. Our finding gives important evidence that motorcycle emissions especially UFPs affect on health.

An observation of histological evidence on internal organ damages in mice caused by repeated exposures to motorcycle emissions

Motor vehicle emissions have been identified as a source of ultrafine particles, which have significant impacts on human health. Repeated and prolonged exposure to ultrafine particles may have a significant association with organ damage. Here, we evaluated the correlation between repeated exposure to ultrafine particles and organ damage in mice. Motorcycle emissions were injected into an exposure chamber with mice for a period of 20 seconds. This treatment was conducted over 10 days. The mice were sacrificed on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th days for organ preparations. Based on the results, motorcycle emission exposure caused organ damage in mice, with different severities depending on the organ. The highest damage was found for the lung, followed by the kidney, erythrocytes, and liver.

Measurements of PM 2.5 motor emission concentrations and the lung damages from the exposure mice

Motor cycles grows very fast from year to year in the developing countries, especially in Indonesia. On the other sides, the emissions contribute to high pollutants in the air. In terms of PM2.5 emissions affect on human health. However the data of PM2.5 emitted by motorcycles are unavailable, and the relationship between PM2.5 containing in the motor smokes and the impacts on human health is also unknown. This study was aimed to investigate the impacts of PM2.5 in the motor cycle smokes on mice/s lung damages by conducting measurements of varied PM2.5 concentrations exposed to mice and observing the mice lung damages. The measurements of PM2.5 concentrations in the smokes were conducted by introducing motor cycle smokes in a chamber with the dimension of 30×20×20 cm3 with a pump with the varies of time. The PM2.5 concentrations were measured using a Kanomax 3443 Digital Dust Monitor. Investigation of the impacts PM2.5 on mice lung were carried out by placing mice in the chamber for smoke exposures with the varied concentrations of PM2.5 in the smokes for 100 s twice a day. The measurements of the mice lung damages were carried out by observing the normal and abnormal alveolus using a Binocular CX-31 Computer Microscope with 400x magnification after the mice experienced smoke exposures for two days. The results showed that longer time of introducing smokes in the chamber resulted in higher concentrations of PM2.5. The measured concentrations are found varied between 1.2 and 19.3 mg/m3 depending on the operating time and the motor sample. Higher concentration of PM2.5 in the smokes exposed to the mice caused more damages of the mice lung. The correlation is obtained in the second order polynomial function with the R2 > 0.9.

Varied dose exposures to ultrafine particles in the motorcycle smoke cause kidney cell damages in male mice

Graphical abstract