Arthur H. Rosenfeld

Review of particle properties

Abstract This review of the properties of leptons, mesons, and baryons is an updating of Review of Particle Properties, Particle Data Group [Rev. Mod. Phys. 42 (1970) 87]. Data are evaluated, listed, averaged, and summarized in tables. A data booklet is also available.

A New Estimate of the AverageEarth Surface Land TemperatureSpanning 1753 to 2011

A New Estimate of the Average Earth Surface Land Temperature Spanning 1753 to 2011 We report an estimate of the Earth’s average land surface temperature for the period 1753 to 2011. To address issues of potential station selection bias, we used larger sampling of stations than having prior studies. For the period post 1880, our estimate is similar to those previously reported by other groups, although we report smaller error uncertainties. The land temperature rise from the 1950s decade to the 2000s decade is 0.90 ± 0.05°C (95% confidence).

Residential cooling loads and the urban heat island—the effects of albedo

Abstract The urban heat island has become the target of recent research aiming at improving urban climates and energy efficiency of cities. In the warm, mid- and low-latitude cities, the typical heat island intensity averages up to 3–5°C on a summer day, adding to discomfort and increasing the air-conditioning loads, whereas in some temperate and cold, high-latitude cities a 2°C heat island is considered as a mild asset in winter. Some of these cities have been built to retain the urban heat. The objective of our ongoing research is to identify ways to mitigate summer heat islands in hot climates, for example by increasing the urban albedo, expanding evaporative surfaces and vegetation covers, and increasing urban thermal mass. From the energy consumption point of view, simple techniques such as these can be effective in reducing air-conditioning costs by modifying and improving the urban micro- and meso-climates. In this work, we have correlated the residential cooling energy and power consumption in Sacramento, California, with the urban heat island intensity. The effects of selected strategies, such as the ones mentioned above, upon changing the urban micro-climate and reducing the heat island induced cooling loads were simulated. The main focus in this paper is placed on albedo. The simulations were performed using the DOE-2.1C building energy analysis program in conjunction with micro-climate and planetary boundary layer models that predict the effects of albedo modifications on ambient conditions and micro-climates. The simulations indicate that there exists significant potential energy and peak power savings by using such simple conservation strategies. Simulations for Sacramento indicate that whitewashing the buildings can result in direct savings of up to 14% and 19% on cooling peak power and electrical cooling energy, respectively. Modifying the overall urban albedo, in addition to whitewashing, can result in total savings of up to 35% and 62% respectively.

Berkeley Earth Temperature Averaging Process

Berkeley Earth Temperature Averaging Process A new mathematical framework is presented for producing maps and large-scale averages of temperature changes from weather station thermometer data for the purposes of climate analysis. The method allows inclusion of short and discontinuous temperature records, so nearly all digitally archived thermometer data can be used. The framework uses the statistical method known as Kriging to interpolate data from stations to arbitrary locations on the Earth.

Heat island and oasis effects of vegetative canopies: Micro-meteorological field-measurements

SummaryDry-bulb temperature, dew-point, wind speed, and wind direction were measured in and around an isolated vegetative canopy in Davis CA from 12 to 25 October 1986. These meteorological variables were measured 1.5 m above ground along a transect of 7 weather stations set up across the canopy and the upwind/downwind open fields. These variables were averaged every 15 minutes for a period of two weeks so we could analyze their diurnal cycles as well as their spatial variability. The results indicate significant nocturnal heat islands and daytime oases within the vegetation stand, especially in clear weather. Inside the canopy within 5 m of its upwind edge, daytime temperature fell by as much as 4.5 °C, whereas the nighttime temperature rose by 1 °C. Deeper into the canopy and downwind, the daytime drop in temperature reached 6 °C, and the nighttime increase reached 2 °C. Wind speed was reduced by ~ 2 ms−1 in mild conditions and by as much as 6.7 ms−1 during cyclonic weather when open-field wind speed was in the neighborhood of 8 ms−1. Data from this project were used to construct correlations between temperature and wind speed within the canopy and their corresponding ambient, open-field values.

SUPPLY CURVES OF CONSERVED ENERGY FOR CALIFORNIA'S RESIDENTIAL SECTOR

A new method of presenting the potential for conservation is discussed. Supply curves of conserved energy provide a consistent accounting framework for assessing diverse conservation measures. They also permit simple comparison of conservation measures among themselves and with conventional energy supplies. The technique is applied to Californias residential sector and illustrative policy conclusions are presented. Roughly 34% of the natural gas and 25% of the electricity used by the residential sector could be saved at costs of conserved energy below current marginal prices.

Supplying energy through greater efficiency : the potential for conservation in California's residential sector

Conserved energy is treated as a new energy source. Its potential is measured with supply curves that have been previously used only for economic assessments of tangible energy sources. Data on energy savings in individual homes and in the use of specific appliances are examined and then their conclusions are extrapolated to California residential sector. These estimates make it possible to compare the cost of energy conservation with the cost of searching for new conventional energy supplies or the cost of building new power plants. (MHR)

Beam daylighting: an alternative illumination technique

Abstract This article is concerned with the energy savings and peak power reductions associated with the maximum utilization of natural light. The general characteristics of diffuse daylighting are discussed in terms of a standard office plan. An innovative technique of daylighting using direct beam radiation from the sun is treated in some detail. Beam daylighting, at 100 lm/W, is found to be more efficient than fluorescent fixtures and is capable of being directed up to 30 ft inward from the exterior facade by reflective louvers or blinds. The estimated cost of the system is calculated to be equivalent to the savings in electrical energy costs within a three-year period. It is also noted that relatively small savings in electrical consumption for air-conditioning are a by-product of the utilization of such a system.

N* resonance parameters and K-matrix fits to the reactions πN→Δπ+ϱN+ɛN

Abstract From a partial wave analysis of the reaction πN→ππN we extract 50 cuoplings and partial widths for N * resonance decaying into Δπ, ϱN and eN. Three different methods of determining the resonance parameters are compared. The signs of the πΔ couplings are found to be consistent with the predictions of l-broken SU(6) w , if one assigns P′ 11 (1415), P″ 11 (1730) and P 33 (1700) to [56, L=0 + ] supermultiplets. The signs of the ϱN couplings are inconsistent with SU(6) w symmetry in its l-broken form, but in good agreement with the observed photon couplings.

BUILDING ENERGY USE COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS (BECA) PART B: RETROFIT OF EXISTING NORTH AMERICAN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Abstract BECA-B assesses the technical performance and economics of energy conservation retrofit measures. The data collected thus far represent measured energy savings and retrofit costs for over 65 North American residential retrofit projects. The samples size within each project ranges from individual homes to 33 000 dwellings participating in a utility-sponsored program. The median value of space heating energy savings is 24% of the pre-retrofit consumption. For fuel-heated homes, the median cost of conserved energy is