Ashok C. Bajji

Discovery of (2S)-1-[4-(2-{6-amino-8-[(6-bromo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)sulfanyl]-9H-purin-9-yl}ethyl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-hydroxypropan-1-one (MPC-3100), a purine-based Hsp90 inhibitor.

Modulation of Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) function has been recognized as an attractive approach for cancer treatment, since many cancer cells depend on Hsp90 to maintain cellular homeostasis. This has spurred the search for small-molecule Hsp90 inhibitors. Here we describe our lead optimization studies centered on the purine-based Hsp90 inhibitor 28a containing a piperidine moiety at the purine N9 position. In this study, key SAR was established for the piperidine N-substituent and for the congeners of the 1,3-benzodioxole at C8. These efforts led to the identification of orally bioavailable 28g that exhibits good in vitro profiles and a characteristic molecular biomarker signature of Hsp90 inhibition both in vitro and in vivo. Favorable pharmacokinetic properties along with significant antitumor effects in multiple human cancer xenograft models led to the selection of 28g (MPC-3100) as a clinical candidate.

ARF6 Is an Actionable Node that Orchestrates Oncogenic GNAQ Signaling in Uveal Melanoma

Activating mutations in Gαq proteins, which form the α subunit of certain heterotrimeric G proteins, drive uveal melanoma oncogenesis by triggering multiple downstream signaling pathways, including PLC/PKC, Rho/Rac, and YAP. Here we show that the small GTPase ARF6 acts as a proximal node of oncogenic Gαq signaling to induce all of these downstream pathways as well as β-catenin signaling. ARF6 activates these diverse pathways through a common mechanism: the trafficking of GNAQ and β-catenin from the plasma membrane to cytoplasmic vesicles and the nucleus, respectively. Blocking ARF6 with a small-molecule inhibitor reduces uveal melanoma cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in a mouse model, confirming the functional relevance of this pathway and suggesting a therapeutic strategy for Gα-mediated diseases.

Discovery of a new HIV-1 inhibitor scaffold and synthesis of potential prodrugs of indazoles

A new oxazole scaffold showing great promise in HIV-1 inhibition has been discovered by cell-based screening of an in-house library and scaffold modification. Follow-up SAR study focusing on the 5-aryl substituent of the oxazole core has identified 4k (EC50=0.42μM, TI=50) as a potent inhibitor. However, the analogues suffered from poor aqueous solubility. To address this issue, we have developed broadly applicable potential prodrugs of indazoles. Among them, N-acyloxymethyl analogue 11b displayed promising results (i.e., increased aqueous solubility and susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis). Further studies are warranted to fully evaluate the analogues as the potential prodrugs with improved physiochemical and PK properties.

Introduction of hypermodified nucleotides in RNA.

The anticodon domain of lysine transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a model system for investigation of the structural and biochemical effects of nucleoside posttranscriptional modification. To enable detailed study of the biophysical and structural effects of hypermodified nucleosides, methods have been developed to synthesize RNA oligonucleotides containing the modified nucleosides found in lysine tRNA. We describe in detail the synthesis of protected phosphoramidites of the nucleosides methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (mnm5s2U), methylcarboxymethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2U), and 2-thiomethyl-N-6-carbamoylthreonyl-adenosine (ms2t6A). We also describe methods for using these nucleoside phosphoramidite reagents to synthesize RNA oligonucleotides with modified nucleosides incorporated at the specific sequence locations corresponding to their positions in the native lysine tRNAs.

Abstract 3237: Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a novel pro-drug of the HSP90 inhibitor, MPC-3100, designed with improved solubility

MPC-3100 is a synthetic, orally bioavailable HSP90 inhibitor in clinical development. The low solubility of this compound requires a solubility enhancing agent to enable uniform oral bioavailability. A pro-drug of MPC-3100 with enhanced aqueous solubility was synthesized and evaluated for its physical-chemical and pharmacokinetic properties, and anti-tumor activity in mice. The alanine ester of MPC-3100 was synthesized by esterifying a hydroxyl group on the active compound, MPC-3100. Solubility and permeability were determined over the pH range of 5 – 7.5 using the PIon solubility analyzer and the double sink PAMPA method. To investigate esterase-mediated activation of the pro-drug, the pro-drug was incubated with biological matrices known to contain esterases (mouse and human plasma and liver microsomes). The pharmacokinetics of the active component of the pro-drug was determined at 360 mg/kg in female CD-1 mice after administration as an oral suspension in 2% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Plasma concentrations of the active compound, MPC-3100, were quantified by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Five million NCI-N87 human gastric carcinoma cells were implanted subcutaneously into athymic mice (nu/nu) to produce a mouse xenograft model. Efficacy was determined in this model using once daily oral dosing in 2% CMC for 21 days. The kinetic solubility of the alanine ester pro-drug of MPC-3100 at pH 6.5 was 536 µg/mL compared to 10.2 µg/mL for MPC-3100. The pro-drug had an apparent permeability of 2.7 × 10-6 cm/sec at pH 6.2; whereas, the apparent permeability of MPC-3100 was 420 × 10-6 cm/sec. The low permeability of the pro-drug suggests conversion to active would be required to occur in the lumen prior to MPC-3100 absorption. The pro-drug was converted to MPC-3100 (half-life The alanine ester pro-drug of MPC-3100 had a > 50-fold increase in aqueous solubility and was converted rapidly by mouse plasma and mouse and human liver microsomes into active MPC-3100 in vitro and in vivo. These improved properties resulted in pro-drug that was efficacious in a xenograft tumor model, when dosed without a solubility enhancing agent. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3237. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3237

Discovery of an l-alanine ester prodrug of the Hsp90 inhibitor, MPC-3100

Various types of Hsp90 inhibitors have been and continue to undergo clinical investigation. One development candidate is the purine-based, synthetic Hsp90 inhibitor 1 (MPC-3100), which successfully completed a phase I clinical study. However, further clinical development of 1 was hindered by poor solubility and consequent formulation issues and promoted development of a more water soluble prodrug. Towards this end, numerous pro-moieties were explored in vitro and in vivo. These studies resulted in identification of L-alanine ester mesylate, 2i (MPC-0767), which exhibited improved aqueous solubility, adequate chemical stability, and rapid bioconversion without the need for solubilizing excipients. Based on improved physical characteristics and favorable PK and PD profiles, 2i mesylate was selected for further development. A convergent, scalable, chromatography-free synthesis for 2i mesylate was developed to support further clinical evaluation.

Abstract 3233: Comparative in vitro and in vivo metabolism of MPC-3100, an oral HSP90 inhibitor, in rat, dog, monkey and human

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FLnnMPC-3100, an 8, 9-disubstituted purine, is an orally bioavailable HSP90 inhibitor currently in Phase 1 clinical development. The objectives of these studies were to compare the metabolism of MPC-3100 in preclinical species to select the species most appropriate for toxicological testing and to identify the major phase I and II metabolites formed both in vitro and in vivo in rats, dogs, monkeys and humans.nnMPC-3100 was incubated with liver microsomes from rats, dogs, monkeys, and humans. In addition, urine, feces, and bile were collected from rats dosed with MPC-3100 intravenously (5 mg/kg) or orally (50 mg/kg), and urine was collected from dogs (2 mg/kg) and cynomolgus monkeys (2.5 mg/kg) dosed intravenously. Metabolites were identified by liquid chromatography electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. Quantitative analysis was performed with an AB Sciex 4000 Q-trap and qualitative analysis was conducted on a high resolution Agilent Q-TOF 6520 mass spectrometer. Six authentic standards were synthesized and used to confirm structural identity.nnIn human liver microsomes, four distinct peaks were observed following chromatographic analysis. Three of these were conclusively identified using synthetic standards, accurate mass, and chromatographic retention time. The most abundant metabolite in all species was the catechol. In human, monkey, and dog liver microsomes, the next most abundant metabolite was formed by oxidation of the 2-hydroxypropan-1-one moiety to propane-1, 2-dione. A third metabolite present in all incubations was the de-amidated product of MPC-3100. It was formed in microsomes in the absence of NADPH suggesting that its formation was due to pH-mediated hydrolysis. A fourth metabolite formed by the addition of oxygen (+16 Da) within the methylenedioxyphenyl ring was assigned based solely upon its product ion spectrum. Following intravenous administration of MPC-3100 to rats, fourteen metabolites were observed in the feces; whereas, only 6 metabolites were observed in urine. No glucuronides were found in either the urine or feces. Less than 1% of the dose was recovered in rat urine; whereas, up to 40% of the dose was recovered as MPC-3100 and metabolites in feces over a 24 hour period. As many as 25 different metabolites were observed in the bile based upon differences in their retention time and molecular weight. Most of the metabolites in the bile resulted from either glucuronidation or sulfation, some of which were conclusively identified with authentic standards.nnRat, dog, and monkey liver microsomes all produced the four major metabolites formed in human liver microsomes. Three of these metabolites formed in human microsomes were conclusively identified by comparison to authentic synthetic standards. Although MPC-3100 and several metabolites were found in rat, dog and monkey urine, the primary route of elimination of MPC-3100 was through biliary excretion.nnCitation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3233. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3233