Atif Ali Khan

Multilevel Graph Partitioning Scheme to Solve Traveling Salesman Problem

Traveling salesman problem looks simple but it is an important combinatorial problem. This paper proposes a new hybrid scheme to find the shortest distance of tour in which each city is visited exactly one time, with the return back to the starting city. Traveling salesman problem is solved using multilevel graph partitioning approach. Although traveling salesman problem itself is a very difficult problem as it belongs to the NP-Complete problem class, yet one of the best possible solution is proposed using multilevel graph partitioning which also belongs to the NP-Complete problem class. To reduce the complexity, k-mean partitioning algorithm is used which divides the main problem into multiple partitions. Then solving each partition separately and thus finally improving the solution for overall tours by applying Lin Kernighan algorithm. From all of this analysis, an optimal solution is produced which tends to solve travelling salesman problem and could be used in more advance and complex applications.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Based Toll Collection System

An efficient utilization of communication link between RF Modems over a wireless channel to facilitate vehicle monitoring, vehicle authentication and automated toll collection on the highways is proposed. The system is implemented to automatically register vehicles getting on or off a motorway or highway, cutting the amount of time for paying toll in large queues. The detailed monthly bills will be sent to the customer at the end of the month. The customers could register and get a transmitter module and thereafter would not need to stop at toll booth whenever they get on or off the motorway. The implementation is divided into the design of two modules- the Vehicle Module (Active Tag) and the Base Module. The two modules communicate via RF modem connected to each module. These RF modules communicate over the ISM Frequency Range of 902 -- 928 MHz. The Vehicle module revolves around Atmel 8051 microcontroller. This module contains an LCD panel (16x2), keypad (4x3) and an RF modem interfaced to the microcontroller through Max-232 chip. Microcontroller contains user-specific data associated with vehicle, such as the Registration Number, Engine Number and owners information along with the billing address. The base module comes with a user-interface that allows the administrator to monitor the current activities in the range, including the vehicles in range, their status, and the detailed information about any registered vehicle. Moreover both, base and vehicle module can communicate with each other through chat session.

Principal Component and Factor Analysis to Study Variations in the Aging Lumbar Spine

Human spine is a multifunctional structure of human body consisting of bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles which all undergo a process of change with the age. A sudden change in these features either naturally or through injury can lead to some serious medical conditions which puts huge burden on health services and economy. While aging is inevitable, the effect of aging on different areas of spine is of clinical significance. This paper reports the growth and degenerative pattern of human spine using principal component analysis. Some noticeable lumbar spine features such as vertebral heights, disc heights, disc signal intensities, paraspinal muscles, subcutaneous fats, psoas muscles, and cerebrospinal fluid were used to study the variations seen on lumbar spine with the natural aging. These features were extracted from lumbar spine magnetic resonance images of 61 subjects with age ranging from 2 to 93 years. Principal component analysis is used to transform complex and multivariate feature space to a smaller meaningful representation. PCA transformation provided 2-D visualization and knowledge of variations among spinal features. Further useful information about correlation among the spinal features is acquired through factor analysis. The knowledge of age related changes in spinal features are important in understanding different spine related problems.

Fuzzy Controller Design for Assisted Omni-Directional Treadmill Therapy.

One of the defining characteristic of human being is their ability to walk upright. Loss or restriction of such ability whether due to the accident, spine problem, stroke or other neurological injuries can cause tremendous stress on the patients and hence will contribute negatively to their quality of life. Modern research shows that physical exercise is very important for maintaining physical fitness and adopting a healthier life style. In modern days treadmill is widely used for physical exercises and training which enables the user to set up an exercise regime that can be adhered to irrespective of the weather conditions. Among the users of treadmills today are medical facilities such as hospitals, rehabilitation centres, medical and physiotherapy clinics etc. The process of assisted training or doing rehabilitation exercise through treadmill is referred to as treadmill therapy. A modern treadmill is an automated machine having built in functions and predefined features. Most of the treadmills used today are one dimensional and user can only walk in one direction. This paper presents the idea of using omnidirectional treadmills which will be more appealing to the patients as they can walk in any direction, hence encouraging them to do exercises more frequently. This paper proposes a fuzzy control design and possible implementation strategy to assist patients in treadmill therapy. By intelligently controlling the safety belt attached to the treadmill user, one can help them steering left, right or in any direction. The use of intelligent treadmill therapy can help patients to improve their walking ability without being continuously supervised by the specialists. The patients can walk freely within a limited space and the support system will provide continuous evaluation of their position and can adjust the control parameters of treadmill accordingly to provide best possible assistance.

Feedback Control Scheduling for Crane Control System

Feedback control theory has a long history. Real time computing systems integrated with feedback control theory are more robust against internal and external disturbances. Classical scheduling algorithms especially: Rate Monotonic and Early Deadline First cannot achieve the optimal possible Quality of Service (QoS) level that features real time constraints and requirements. In order to cope with the dynamic workloads and resource constraints, control scheduling co-design is very advantageous. Control scheduling co-design takes into account both the control techniques and the real time computing aspects simultaneously at design level. Unfortunately, over the past few years, there is no or a very small amount of work is done on the practical side. Thats why only a few real time systems, having feedback based control scheduling implemented, are actually deployed. This paper presents a case study of integrating feedback control scheduling algorithm for crane control systems to provide QoS in terms of system performance and resource utilization. This procedure is especially important for industrial automation.

Adaptive Control of an Intelligent Tank Using Fuzzy Logic

The need for robots to work on their own is becoming highly on demand, thus artificial intelligence is a significant approach to solve real world uncertainties. In this paper, adaptive control of an intelligent tank using fuzzy logic is presented. The system shows a coherent design and fast understanding of the environment. An intelligent robot that is capable of being in a room, with no prior mapping, can understand and draw its trajectory to an intended purpose. Using a set of light detecting resistors (LDR), and IR sensors, a fuzzy controlled brain man oeuvres around obstacles and reaches a specified destination. A fuzzy controller guides the robot in searching the target and thus shooting at the target when it falls within shooting range. Moreover, another fuzzy controller helps the robot from colliding with the obstacles coming in its path. Both the controllers work simultaneously to transform an ordinary tank into an intelligent battle tank which can make decisions on its own under any environment and in any circumstances.

A Motion Detection Based Surveillance System (MDSS)

Security is one of the biggest issues in todays world. According to Metropolitan Police Service there have been a total of 33,471 robberies out of which 90% of them were personal and rest business and there has been a total of 92,135 burglaries out of which 70% of them were residential and the rest were non residential. The above figure shows that no doubt the crime is happing and let it be residential or non-residential places are not safe. There is surely a need for a system which can act as a surveillance for our offices and home and which is easy to use, which can run on a PC, which can be accessed via different medium like mobile phone, email or PDA. Human eye has always been considered as the most reliable source of surveillance. This paper concentrates on developing a computer based system which would replace human eye in surveillance. Machine vision is implemented to detect intruders and notify humans about the unexpected motion using SMS and email communication technologies. The system is a distributed application and can interact with its users from all over the world. Various motion detection algorithms were discussed and suitable choice was made for the project. There are more efficient algorithms available if the required reliability of the system is higher.

Classification of Age-Related Changes in Lumbar Spine with the Help of MRI Scores

A human spine is a complicated structure of bones, joints, ligaments and muscles which all undergo change as we age. For most people, these changes occur in a gradual and painless manner. However, a sudden change caused naturally or through injury, can result in a back pain. The purpose of this research is to unveil the ageing pattern of the lumbar spine and to see the changes in spinal features with ageing process. The data used in this research was in the form of lumbar spine magnetic resonance images (MRI) of patients ranging from age 2 to 93 years. MRI scores of key spinal features namely; vertebral-height, disc-height, disc-signal, para-spinal muscles intensities, psoas muscle, fat signal and cerebrospinal fluid were recorded and used in the analysis. Intelligent data analysis technique such as self-organizing map was applied to understand and visualize the variations of spinal features seen among the population. This growth/degeneration pattern is important to reassure patients that the results of their scan are not unusual or indicative of any disease. This research work will provide a more concrete view of spinal ageing process which can be used to draw a borderline between normal growth, undergrowth and overgrowth of the human lumbar spine with respect to the persons age.

Fuzzy Logic Based Multi User Adaptive Test System

The present proliferation of e-learning has been actively underway for the last 10 years. Current research in Adaptive Testing System focuses on the development of psychometric models with items selection strategies applicable to adaptive testing processes. The key aspect of proposed Adaptive Testing System is to develop an increasingly sophisticated latent trait model which can assist users in developing and enhancing their skills. Computerized Adaptive Test (CAT) System requires a lot of investment in time and effort to develop analyze and administrate an adaptive test. In this paper a fuzzy logic based Multi User Adaptive Test System (MUATS) is developed. Which is a Short Messaging Service (SMS) based System, currently integrated with GSM network based on the new psychometric model in education assessment. MUATS is not only a platform independent Adaptive Test System but also it eases the evaluation effort for adaptive test process. It further uses fuzzy logic to pick the most appropriate question from the pool of database for a specific user to be asked which makes the overall system an intelligent one.