Atte P. Kyllönen

Differentially expressed genes in two LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines reflecting changes during prostate cancer progression.

Prostate cancer tends to become transformed to androgen-independent disease over time when treated by androgen-deprivation therapy. We used two variants of the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP to study gene expression differences during prostate cancer progression to androgen-independent disease. Production of prostate-specific antigen was regarded as a marker of androgen-dependence and loss of prostate-specific antigen was regarded as a marker of androgen-independence. mRNA from both cell lines was used for cDNA microarray screening. Differential expression of several genes was confirmed by Northern blotting. Monoamine oxidase A, an Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) similar to rat P044, and EST AA412049 were highly overexpressed in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. Tissue-type plasminogen activator, interferon-inducible protein p78 (MxB), an EST similar to galectin-1, follistatin, fatty acid-binding protein 5, EST AA609749, annexin I, the interferon-inducible gene 1–8U, and phospholipase D1 were highly overexpressed in androgen-independent LNCaP cells. All studied genes had low or no expression in PC-3 cells. The EST similar to rat P044, the EST similar to galectin-1, follistatin, annexin I, and the interferon-inducible gene 1–8U were also expressed in benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue. The Y-linked ribosomal protein S4, Mat-8, and EST AA307912 were highly expressed in benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue. Additionally, both confirmation of differential expression in Northern blots and in situ hybridization were carried out for monoamine oxidase A, the EST similar to rat P044, the EST similar to galectin-1, fatty acid-binding protein 5, and the interferon-inducible gene 1–8U. We identified several potential prostate cancer markers, indicating that the method used is a useful tool for the screening of cancer markers, but other methods, such as in situ hybridization, are needed to further investigate the observations.

Morphology and microsatellite instability in sporadic serrated and non-serrated colorectal cancer

Colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma originates from serrated adenoma, but definite histological criteria have not yet been established. It presents with frequent DNA microsatellite instability (MSI), but the frequency of low‐level (MSI‐L) and high‐level MSI (MSI‐H) and the expression of mismatch‐repair (MMR) enzymes in serrated adenocarcinoma are not known. To address these questions, morphological criteria for serrated cancers were established, their validity was tested, and MSI analysis was performed with NIH consensus markers and MMR enzyme immunohistochemistry for hMLH1, hMSH2, and hMSH6 in 35 serrated and 75 non‐serrated colorectal carcinomas. Serrated carcinomas frequently showed a serrated, mucinous or trabecular growth pattern; abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm; chromatin condensation; preserved polarity; and the absence of necrosis. With these features, it was possible to distinguish them from non‐serrated cancers, with the mean kappa score for five observers being 0.509. MSI analysis was successful in 31 serrated and 73 non‐serrated carcinomas. 54.8% of serrated carcinomas were microsatellite‐stable (MSS), 29.0% presented with MSI‐L, and 16.1% presented with MSI‐H, whereas 78.1% of non‐serrated carcinomas were MSS, 13.7% were MSI‐L, and 8.2% were MSI‐H. MSI‐L was more common in serrated cancers (p = 0.035) and it was associated with patchy immunohistochemical staining (33.3%) of MLH1. MSI‐H did not differ between serrated and non‐serrated cancers (p = 0.14). These results suggest that the biological background of serrated carcinomas differs from sporadic non‐serrated colorectal cancer, but is not directly related to MSI. Copyright

SEVERAL GENES ENCODING RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS ARE OVER-EXPRESSED IN PROSTATE-CANCER CELL LINES: CONFIRMATION OF L7a AND L37 OVER-EXPRESSION IN PROSTATE-CANCER TISSUE SAMPLES

A cDNA library specific for mRNA over‐expressed in prostate cancer was generated by subtractive hybridization of transcripts originating from prostatic hyperplasia and cancer tissues. cDNA encoding ribosomal proteins L4, L5, L7a, L23a, L30, L37, S14 and S18 was found to be present among 100 analyzed clones. Levels of ribosomal mRNA were significantly higher at least in one of the prostate‐cancer cell lines, LNCaP, DU‐145 and PC‐3, than in hyperplastic tissue, as determined by slot‐blot hybridization. Furthermore, L23a‐ and S14‐transcript levels were significantly elevated in PC‐3 cells as compared with those in the normal prostate epithelial cell line PrEC. Generally, dramatic changes in the mRNA content of the ribosomal proteins were not detected, the most evident over‐expression being that of L37 mRNA, which was 3.4 times more abundant in LNCaP cells than in hyperplastic prostate tissue. The over‐expression of L7a and L37 mRNA was confirmed in prostate‐cancer tissue samples by in situ hybridization. Elevated cancer‐related expression of L4 and L30 has not been reported, but levels of the other ribosomal proteins are known to be increased in several types of cancers. These results therefore suggest that prostate cancer is comparable with other types of cancers, in that a larger pool of some ribosomal proteins is gained during the transformation process, by an unknown mechanism. Int. J. Cancer 78:27–32, 1998.© 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

The TMPRSS2 gene encoding transmembrane serine protease is overexpressed in a majority of prostate cancer patients: Detection of mutated TMPRSS2 form in a case of aggressive disease

The serine protease TMPRSS2 gene expression was studied by in situ hybridization using benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer tissue samples from 32 patients. Expression of TMPRSS2 gene was higher in cancer cells than that in benign cells in 84% of the specimens containing both benign and malignant tissues. The TMPRSS2 mRNA level was significantly increased in poorly differentiated (p = 0.014, n = 7) and untreated (p = 0.022, n = 13) primary prostate adenocarcinomas compared to benign tissues. In addition, androgen‐deprivation therapy significantly decreased the expression of TMPRSS2 in benign prostate tissue (p = 0.07), which is in accordance with the androgen‐inducible expression of the gene. The gene copy number of TMPRSS2, analyzed by competitively differential PCR, was duplicated in the malignant cells of about 38% of the prostate cancer patients analyzed. Thus, the increase in the gene copy number is probably not the primary reason for the detected overexpression of the TMPRSS2 gene. Mutations in the TMPRSS2 gene were screened using DNA isolated from paraffin‐embedded prostate cancer tissues from 9 patients with aggressive prostate cancer and from 9 patients with nonaggressive disease. Thirteen exons covering the coding region were checked using enzymatic mutation detection and direct sequencing. One patient with aggressive prostate cancer carried a deletion and a stop codon in exon 11, leading to inactivation of the serine protease domain in TMPRSS2.

Expression of transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2 in mouse and human tissues.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the expression of TMPRSS2 in mice during development and to compare the tissue distribution of the transcripts in adult mouse and human tissues. Mouse TMPRSS2 cDNA was cloned; the predicted amino acid sequence contains 490 residues sharing 81.4% similarity with human TMPRSS2. According to northern blots, mouse TMPRSS2 is expressed mainly in the prostate and kidney, while human TMPRSS2 is expressed in the prostate, colon, stomach, and salivary gland. In situ hybridization analyses of mouse embryos and adult tissues revealed that TMPRSS2 was expressed in the epithelia of the gastrointestinal, urogenital, and respiratory tracts. Expression was very selective and constant after the gene was turned on during development. Expression of TMPRSS2 was localized in the luminal epithelial cells of the mouse and human prostate. The information presented here will be useful in further studies regarding the function and physiological significance of TMPRSS2. Copyright

RENAL CELL CARCINOMA IN HORSESHOE KIDNEY ASSOCIATED WITH TURNER SYNDROME AND CAVAL EXTENSION

The first case of renal cell carcinoma in a horseshoe kidney associated with Turner syndrome is reported. Therapeutic and diagnostic aspects are discussed; the literature is reviewed.

Hemangiopericytoma of the Kidney: A Case with Preoperative Ethanol Embolization

We report a case of a giant renal hemangiopericytoma that was embolized preoperatively with ethanol. Ultrasound and computerized tomography showed multiple smooth-walled cysts within the tumor. The tumor itself was hypervascular and a vascular pattern specific for hemangiopericytoma was noted upon reinterpretation of the angiograms. The diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are discussed, and the literature is reviewed.

Prostatic expression of human 5α-reductase type 2 during finasteride therapy : a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Abstract This study was aimed at exploring the effect of finasteride, a non-steroidal competitive inhibitor of the enzyme 5α-reductase, on 5α-reductase type 2 at the mRNA level in human prostate, using an in situ hybridization technique. After randomization, 10 men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) received oral finasteride (5 mg daily) and five men with BPH received placebo daily. Careful clinical examination was carried out and 2 biopsy samples were taken transrectally before the treatment and after 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment. In situ hybridization was carried out and expression of 5α-reductase type 2 mRNA was measured. The results showed that finasteride treatment had no permanent effect on expression of 5α-reductase type 2 in prostatic epithelium, compared with placebo treatment. Expression varied during treatment, but there was no clear tendency in this expression. The signal was localized in the epithelial cells. We conclude that finasteride treatment had no clear effect on human 5α-reductase type 2 expression in the prostate.