Attilio Scaglione

Sicily and Calabria Extortion Database

The Sicily and Calabria Extortion Database was extracted from police and court documents by the Palermo team of the GLODERS — Global Dynamics of Extortion Racket Systems — project which has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement no. 315874 (http://www.gloders.eu, “Global dynamics of extortion racket systems”). The data are provided as an SPSS file with variable names, variable labels, value labels where appropriate, missing value definitions where appropriate. Variable and value labels are given in English translation, string texts are quoted from the Italian originals as we thought that a translation could bias the information and that users of the data for secondary analysis will usually be able to read Italian. The rows of the SPSS file describe one extortion case each. The columns start with some technical information (unique case number, reference to the original source, region, case number within the regions (Sicily and Calabria). These are followed by information about when the cases happened, the pseudonym of the extorter, his role in the organisation and the name and territory of the mafia family or mandamento he belongs to. Information about the victims, their affiliations and the type of enterprise they represent follows; the type of enterprise is coded according to the official Italian coding scheme (AtEco, which can be downloaded from http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/17888). The next group of variables describes the place where the extortion happened. The value labels for the numerical pseudonyms of extorters and victims (both persons and firms) are not contained in this file, hence the pseudonyms can only be used to analyse how often the same person or firm was involved in extortion. After this more or less technical information about the extortion cases the cases are described materially. Most variables come in two forms, both the original textual description of what happened and how it happened and a recoded variable which lends itself better for quantitative analyses. The features described in these variables encompass • whether the extortion was only attempted (and unsuccessful from the point of view of the extorter) or completed, i.e. the victim actually paid, • whether the request was for a periodic or a one-off payment or both and what the amount was (the amounts of periodic and one-off amounts are not always comparable as some were only defined in terms of percentages of victim income or in terms of obligations the victim accepted to employ a relative of the extorter etc.), • whether there was an intimidation and whether it was directed to a person or to property, • whether the extortion request was brought forward by direct personal contact or by some indirect communication, • whether there was some negotiation between extorter and victim, and if so, what it was like, and whether a mediator interfered, • how the victim reacted: acquiescent, conniving or refusing, • how the law enforcement agencies got to know about the case (own observation, denunciation, etc.), • whether the extorter was caught, brought to investigation custody or finally sentenced (these variables contain a high percentage of missing data, partly due to the fact that some cases are still under prosecution or before court or as a consequence of incomplete documents.

Estimating the size of the loan sharking market in Italy

In the current economic crisis, the risk is so high that entrepreneurs, commercial activities and even families may turn to the illegal market to obtain liquidity. This article proposes an estimate of the size of the usury credit market in Italy. The estimate is based on the assumption, provided by Guiso1, that before coming to a moneylender the borrower seeks to obtain credit through official channels. The results of our estimates confirm the seriousness of the problem, but provide much lower data than those reported periodically by the media. It is estimated that 372,000 economic activities may have been potentially involved in the usury market in 2012. The volume of loans disbursed in the illegal market would have amounted to €18 billion. The profits of loan sharks would be between a minimum of €3 billion and a maximum of about €6.1 billion.

Cosa Nostra and Camorra: illegal activities and organisational structures

This article intends to develop an introductory reflection concerning the most recent trends of two of the major Italian mafia organisations: the Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the Campanian Camorra. Following a comparative perspective, the analysis will focus the attention on changes that have occurred in recent years both at the level of illegal activities and at the level of organisational structures. After the bombs of the nineties, Cosa Nostra has moved towards a flexible and less centralised organisation, investing dirty money in the legal economic sector, to reduce its exposure to law enforcement investigations. At the same time, the Camorra clans have considerably widened their range of activity both at a local and international level.

The Camorra and protection rackets: the cost to business

Based on the observations from the judicial and investigative evidence provided by prosecutors in Camorra areas in Italy, this investigation provides an estimate of the economic impact of extortion racket to businesses. In particular, the estimates refer to the total and average withdrawal of monetary amounts from the businesses victimised by Camorra clans. Further insights are provided in terms of economic activities mostly victimised, and specifically the construction sector, which is subject to a different type of extortion racket.

Mafia Methods, Extortion Dynamics and Social Responses

This chapter is devoted to exploring both the empirical results and the policy proposals produced by the GLODERS project. Based on 631 cases of extortions, the Sicily and Calabria extortion database represents a relevant achievement in the field of the research on extortion racket and it is one of the main results of the GLODERS project. Gathering a great amount of information, our empirical analysis revealed the existence of several differences in the extortive conducts carried on within these two regions, which are presented. Moreover, the chapter introduces the legislation related to the crime of extortion. Social and legal responses to the phenomenon are then discussed.