Auke Tellegen

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF BRIEF MEASURES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AFFECT: THE PANAS SCALES

In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented.

Toward a consensual structure of mood

Reanalyses of a number of studies of self-reported mood indicate that Positive and Negative Affect consistently emerge as the first two Varimax rotated dimensions in orthogonal factor analyses or as the first two second-order factors derived from oblique solutions. The two factors emerged with varyi

The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence

D. Watson and A. Tellegen (1985) proposed a consensual structure of affect based on J. A. Russells (1980) circumplex. The authors review of the literature indicates that this 2-factor model captures robust structural properties of self-rated mood. Nevertheless, the evidence also indicates that the circumplex does not fit the data closely and needs to be refined. Most notably, the models dimensions are not entirely independent; moreover, with the exception of Pleasantness-Unpleasantness, they are not completely bipolar. More generally, the data suggest a model that falls somewhere between classic simple structure and a true circumplex. The authors then examine two of the dimensions imbedded in this structure, which they label Negative Activation (NA) and Positive Activation (PA). The authors argue that PA and NA represent the subjective components of broader biobehavioral systems of approach and withdrawal, respectively. The authors conclude by demonstrating how this framework helps to clarify various affect-related phenomena, including circadian rhythms, sleep, and the mood disorders.

Competence in the context of adversity: Pathways to resilience and maladaptation from childhood to late adolescence

Competent outcomes in late adolescence were examined in relation to adversity over time, antecedent competence and psychosocial resources, in order to investigate the phenomenon of resilience. An urban community sample of 205 (114 females, 90 males; 27% minority) children were recruited in elementary school and followed over 10 years. Multiple methods and informants were utilized to assess three major domains of competence from childhood through adolescence (academic achievement, conduct, and peer social competence), multiple aspects of adversity, and major psychosocial resources. Both variable-centered and person-centered analyses were conducted to test the hypothesized significance of resources for resilience. Better intellectual functioning and parenting resources were associated with good outcomes across competence domains, even in the context of severe, chronic adversity. IQ and parenting appeared to have a specific protective role with respect to antisocial behavior. Resilient adolescents (high adversity, adequate competence across three domains) had much in common with their low-adversity competent peers, including average or better IQ, parenting, and psychological well-being. Resilient individuals differed markedly from their high adversity, maladaptive peers who had few resources and high negative emotionality. Results suggest that IQ and parenting scores are markers of fundamental adaptational systems that protect child development in the context of severe adversity.

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Religious Interests, Attitudes, and Values: A Study of Twins Reared Apart and Together

The role of genetic and environmental factors in the expression of religious interests, attitudes, and values was examined using data from adult twins reared apart and adult twins reared together. The Religious Values scale of the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values, a Religious Interest scale from the Strong Campbell Interest Inventory, the Wiggins Religious Fundamentalism scale from the MMPI, a Leisure Time Religious Interest scale, and a second measure of Occupational Religious Interest were administered to 53 identical and 31 fraternal twin pairs who had been reared apart. The Leisure Time Religious Interest Scale and the second measure of Occupational Religious Interest were also administered to 458 identical and 363 fraternal twin pairs who had been reared together. Biometric model fitting indicated that approximately 50% of the observed variance of all five measures is genetically influenced.

The big seven model: a cross-cultural replication and further exploration of the basic dimensions of natural language trait descriptors

The objective of this study was to identify the major lexical dimensions in the Hebrew language and to compare these dimensions with the Big Seven factor structure. A list of 252 trait descriptors was assembled from a Hebrew dictionary, using nonrestrictive criteria similar to those introduced by A. Tellegen and N. G. Waller (1987). The factor structure recovered from these data largely replicates the Big Seven model. In particular, 2 major evaluative factors emerged, Positive and Negative Valence, which are prominent in the Big Seven but are not represented in the Big Five. Four of the remaining 5 factors also clearly correspond to 4 of the Big Seven dimensions and their counterparts in the Big Five.

The relationship between androgyny and subjective indicators of emotional well-being.

The objective of this study (N = 176) was to evaluate (a) the construct validity of the revised Short Bern Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) with respect to measures of psychological well-being; (b) the validity of the concept of androgyny conceived as an intrinsically interactive (rather than simply additive) concept, endowed as such with surplus meaning; and (c) the validity of the traditional assumption that it is the masculine male and feminine female who typify subjective wellbeing. The three hypotheses were tested concurrently by employing a hierarchical multiple regression analysis with interaction terms. Results across measures of well-being, stress reaction, and alienation taken from the Differential Personality Questionnaire (DPQ), provided only partial support for Berns scales as markers of subjective well-being, but no support for androgyny as a concept in its own right with predictive properties distinct from femininity and masculinity. Finally, the results of a factor analysis indicate that the M and F scales of the BSRI occupy quite different locations in the space defined by certain higher-order personality dimensions. Implications for further studies of androgyny and other fulfillment or self-actuali zation concepts are also discussed.

Parenting quality, adversity, and conduct problems in adolescence: Testing process-oriented models of resilience

Structural equation modeling was used (a) to determine the extent to which parent-related and non-parent-related adversity were associated with increases in conduct problems between childhood and adolescence and (b) to evaluate the possible preventive, compensatory, and moderating effects of parenting quality in this regard. Subjects were 180 boys and girls from the Project Competence longitudinal study of adversity, competence, and resilience (Garmezy & Tellegen, 1984). Conduct problems, parenting quality, and socioeconomic status were assessed when subjects were in the third through sixth grades, and adversity and conduct problems were assessed again 7 years later. Results were consistent with the view that parentrelated adversity experienced between the two assessment times was associated with a small increase in conduct problems. Adversity involving siblings, extended family, and friends was not associated with changes in conduct. Effective parenting was associated with less parent-related adversity during adolescence. Effective parenting, however, did not directly compensate for the negative effects of adversity; nor did it moderate the effects of adversity. Structural equation modeling was helpful in testing for several of these effects simultaneously. Short-term longitudinal studies with baseline measures, more frequent assessments, and adequate sample size are necessary to clarify the processes suggested by these results.

Genetics and Personality Inventories: The Limits of Replication with Twin Data

The consistency of twin data with personality questionnaires is examined using all reported twin samples which have been administered the California Psychological Inventory. The scale correlations for the MZ twins are fairly consistent across different samples while the correlations for DZ twins fail to show as much consistency. Differences, moreover, between MZ and DZ correlations fail to replicate across samples. Sampling error and sampling bias are proposed as the major reasons for the inconsistency, and when these factors are taken into account the resulting heritabilities suggest that the CPI scales loading on the extraversion-introversion factor are the most heritable. The implications of sampling error and sampling bias for estimating genetic parameters from correlational twin data, for uncovering differential heritability of personality traits, and for designing future research are discussed.

Opportunity for aggression as a reinforcer in mice

Male mice acquired, extinguished, and reversed a position response in a T-maze when the opportunity to attack a “victim” mouse was provided as reinforcer. Half of the Ss were also given a fight before each maze trial. These Ss, compared to Ss run without prefights, were superior in choice performance early during acquisition and reversal learning, and showed slower extinction. It was also found that preference for the aggression-rewarded side of the maze increased from first to second trials given on the same day.