Autieres Teixeira Faria

Alterações nas características fisiológicas de cultivares de cana-de-açúcar submetida à aplicação de herbicidas

This work aimed to evaluate the influence of herbicides on the physiological characteristics of three sugarcane cultivars. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications in a factorial design 3 x 8. Factor A was constituted of three sugarcane cultivars (RB867515, RB855156, and SP80-1816), and factor B of the herbicides tembotrione, MSMA, diuron + hexazinone, sulfentrazone, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, tebuthiuron, clomazone, and a treatment without herbicide (control). The transpiration rate of cultivar RB867515 plants was negatively affected when sulfentrazone, clomazone, and tebuthiuron were applied,compared to the control. Regarding water use efficiency, no differences were observed between the cultivars and the herbicides. Stomatal conductance of cultivars RB867515 and SP80-1816 was not affected by the herbicides. Only cultivar RB867515 presented lower photosynthetic rate when sulfentrazone was applied. The herbicides tested had distinct effects on the physiological characteristics of the three cultivars evaluated. Cultivar RB867515 showed the least variation in photosynthetic rate in the presence of the products tested, as compared to the control.

Meia-vida do diuron em solos com diferentes atributos físicos e químicos

The distribution and dissipation of herbicides on soils are dynamic and unique processes for each soil-herbicide relation. In this research, the half-life of diuron was determined in five soils (Red-Yellow Latosol, Red Latosol, and Yellow Latosol), with different pH values. Diuron concentrations were determined in samples of each soil collected at eight different times (1, 8, 15, 22, 36, 66, 96 and 156 days after herbicide application at 3.0kg ha-1). Part of each soil sample was used to quantify diuron by high performance liquid chromatography. The other part of soil sample was used to do biological tests in order to confirm the results of chromatographic analysis. It was found that the persistence of diuron is dependent on the physical and chemical soil attributes. However, the correction of soil pH favored only herbicide degradation in sandy soils with low organic matter content. The half-life of diuron in soils ranged from 40 to 91 after its application and it was higher in soil with higher organic matter content. The biological tests confirmed these results and they were efficient and complementary to the chromatographic analysis.

Interferência da Brachiaria brizantha nas características morfológicas da cana-de-açúcar

Weed interference is one of the main factors limiting sugarcane yield. Currently, there is little data on the density of weed species capable of causing economic damage to sugarcane. This work aimed to analyze the interference of Brachiaria brizantha in the morphological development of the sugarcane varieties RB72454, RB867515 and SP801816. The trial was installed under field conditions, with the treatments consisting of 12 densities of B. brizantha, as follows: 0, 1, 3, 7, 15, 32, 40, 32, 64, 92, 88 and 112; 0, 1, 4, 14, 10, 18, 28, 30, 36, 54, 52 and 72; 0, 1, 3, 6, 14, 20, 24, 26, 26, 32, 46 and 56 plants m-2 for the varieties RB72454; RB867515 and SP801816, respectively. One hundred and twenty days after emergence (DAE) of both the sugarcane plants and the weeds, shoot dry mass (SDM), leaf area (LA), diameter (D) and number of stems (NS), plant height (PH) and number of leaves of the crop were quantified. At harvest (350 DAE), crop yield (CY) was estimated. As B. brizantha density increased, lower values for leaf area, number of stems, dry mass and sugarcane yield were observed. On the other hand, as density increased, there was a correspondent increase in height and diameter of sugarcane stems. Variety RB72454 was the most affected by the iincrease of weed species density.

Efficiency of a reduced herbicide rate for Brachiaria brizantha control in sugarcane

At different growth stages, weeds present different sensitivities to herbicides. Thus, the registered herbicide rate may be reduced under specific conditions, while maintaining satisfactory weed control. This study evaluated the efficiency of reduced rates of the formulated herbicide mixture Velpar K WG® (hexazinone + diuron) + Volcane® (MSMA) for Brachiaria brizantha control at different growth stages. Optimum weed control efficiency was obtained when applying 50% of the recommended rate in younger plants (plants with one to four leaves). In late applications, it is necessary to increase the herbicide rates and, under these conditions, 90% of the recommended rate for (diuron + hexazinone) + MSMA was estimated to be the most economical one.

Sorption of Clomazone in Brazilian Soils with Different Physical and Chemical Attributes1

Knowledge of herbicides sorption by colloids predicts its movement in the soil profile and its effectiveness in controlling weeds and crops poisoning when directly applied to the soil. This knowledge becomes even more important for herbicides which have long persistence in the soil. In this research, clomazone sorption was estimated by the biological method in Brazilian soil samples with different physical and chemical characteristics, cultivated with sugarcane crops. As an indicator of the presence of clomazone in the soil, Sorghum bicolor was used. The data relating to assessments of poisoning and accumulation of dry matter of the plants were subjected to multivariate analysis of similarity among variables. After that, clomazone doses that caused 50% of intoxication in sorghum plants grown (C50) as well as sorption ratio (SR) of the herbicide in different soil types were estimated. There was similarity greater than 80% for data regarding the percentage of intoxication and accumulated dry matter, with the option to use only those related to the first variable. RS and C50 were higher in Organosol and lower in red-yellow Latosol with and without changing the pH. It was concluded that the clomazone dose to be recommended must be differentiated for different soils, since the value of clomazone sorption in the soil is dependent on its attributes, and the organic matter content is of the utmost importance.

MOBILIDADE DO SULFENTRAZONE EM SOLOS COM DIFERENTES CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICAS E QUÍMICAS

Knowledge of factors that influence the leaching of herbicides in the soil is essential to use these products safely from a technical and environmental perspective. This study evaluated the mobility of sulfentrazone in four soils from southern Brazil (Haplic Planosol, Red Argisol, Humic Cambisol and Entisol) and a Red-Yellow Latosol from the Zona da Mata region in the state of Minas Gerais. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-20 cm and characterized physically and chemically. The substrates were placed in columns, and 1 kg ha-1 of the herbicide was subsequently applied on top of them, followed by a simulated rainfall of 60 mm. After draining the water, Sorghum bicolor seeds were sown along the column, as bioindicators of the presence of sulfentrazone; 21 days after planting, the presence of the sorghum plants was assessed visually, and the shoots were collected for determination of dry matter. The experimental design was completely randomized in subdivided plots, whereas the columns filled with each of the five soils were the main plots and the 10 column depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45 and 45-50 cm) were the subplots. There was a herbicide-free control for each soil. Clay content, organic matter and pH of each soil influenced the mobility of sulfentrazone, and soils with lower clay and organic matter levels showed higher potential of leaching of sulfentrazone.

EFFECT OF TRINEXAPAC-ETHYL ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SUGARCANE

Growth regulators can be used to further retard or inhibit vegetative growth. In this sense, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of age and number of trinexapac-ethyl applications on the growth and yield of sugarcane. The experiment was in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were in a 3 x 2 + 2 factorial arrangement, where factor A corresponded to the application times of the plant growth regulator (120, 200 and 240 days after bud burst (DAB) of sugarcane) and factor B to the number of applications (one or two applications). In addition, two controls (one with three applications and another application without the regulator) were added. The application of trinexapac-ethyl decreased the number and the distance between buds, height, root volume and sugarcane yield. The sequential application (2 or 3 times) induced an increase in stem diameter and three applications of the product increased the number of plant tillers. The use of growth regulators applied at 240 DAB has reduced plant height, however without changing the number of buds. It can be concluded that trinexapac-ethyl changes sugarcane growth and yield, regardless of season and number of applications.