Aviad E. Raz

Vibrational communication in subterranean mole rats (Spalax ehrenbergi)

SummaryWe describe a vibrational communication system in subterranean mole rats of the Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies in Israel. The signals are produced by head thumping against the tunnel ceiling in a rhythmic pattern that appears to be species-specific. These signals may be effective as a means of long-distance communication between individuals within populations, as well as acting as a pre-mating isolating mechanism between populations in the final stages of speciation.

The Mask of Dementia: Images of ‘Demented Residents’ in a Nursing Ward

A description of the social construction of dementia among elderly residents of a nursing ward is offered, based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in an Israeli geriatric centre. This account focuses on the construction of positive social identities and the ascription of roles for residents labelled as ‘demented’. The findings illustrate the split between personal and social identity in dementia. The applicability of conventional socio-psychological constructs such as ‘I’ and ‘me’ regarding dementia is questioned, as the spoken manifestations of these constructs is critically examined from a symbolic interactionist perspective.

Carrier matching and collective socialization in community genetics: Dor Yeshorim and the reinforcement of stigma

Dor Yeshorim, the premarital carrier testing program designed and implemented by the ultra-orthodox Jewish community, has succeeded in generating high uptake thus considerably reducing the number of children born with genetic diseases. Those critical of the program stress its directive and coercive features which are said to compromise personal autonomy, while those in favor emphasize its efficiency, cultural fit, and the reduction of stigma. This debate has so far, however, been addressed only from a top-down view representing the theories of community leaders and bioethicists, while the actual meaning and practice of carrier matching as experienced by community members have remained unexplored. Based on interviews with 24 ultra-orthodox women and 5 matchmakers in Israel, as well as on observations of instructions in the community, this exploratory study shows how Dor Yeshorim has been selectively incorporated into the traditional matchmaking process. We examine the unintended consequences of this selective assimilation, namely how messages that propagate ignorance and fear, as well as misunderstandings regarding the genetic basis of carrier matching, reinforce the continuing stigmatization of presumed carriers. The paper concludes by discussing the findings in the broader context of the social analysis of the ethics of community genetics.

Between Acculturation and Ambivalence: Knowledge of Genetics and Attitudes towards Genetic Testing in a Consanguineous Bedouin Community

The Bedouins of the Negev (Southern part of Israel) are a community at increased risk for genetic diseases and congenital anomalies as a result of frequent consanguinity (particularly patrilateral parallel-cousin marriage) and underutilization of prenatal genetic tests due to a Muslim ban on abortion. Objective: To assess the knowledge and attitudes of Bedouin schoolchildren and their teachers towards a community-based, premarital carrier-matching program aimed at reducing the prevalence at birth of genetic diseases. Methods: A questionnaire was presented to 61 teachers and 40 schoolchildren as part of guided interaction in small groups, conducted in Bedouin schools between 1999 and 2001. Results: Susceptibility as well as knowledge of genetics were found to correlate with a positive attitude towards the genetics program among both teachers and pupils. However, pupils had a lower knowledge index as compared to teachers, and their attitudes were slightly less positive. Conclusion: The difference between teachers and pupils is discussed in the context of the latter’s acculturation, which contradicts tradition and parental authority and can generate ambivalence. Attitudes are further discussed in the context of the Health Belief Model and the complex interplay of tradition, Islam, cousin marriage and biomedicine.

Managerial Culture, Workplace Culture and Situated Curricula in Organizational Learning:

Seen from a perspective of symbolic interaction and social constructivism, organizational learning is a practical accomplishment that takes place among and through other organizational members. This study sets out to explore the social construction of organizational learning by examining the responses of members to a management-imposed teaching curriculum that contradicted basic assumptions regarding professional identity. We build on the results of recent ethnographic fieldwork which has investigated the incorporation of communication skills training in an Israeli medical school. This professional socialization is examined in terms of its theoretization by the management, its implementation in the curriculum, and its interpretation by supervising physicians and medical students. These various facets of meaning and their mismatches provide a concrete example for the study of situated learning in organizations. We conclude by exploring the meaning and interplay of managerial ideology, workplace culture and situated curricula in organizational learning.

Cousin marriage and premarital carrier matching in a Bedouin community in Israel: attitudes, service development and educational intervention

Context Premarital carrier matching is a form of genetic counselling in which two individuals are told, if both are carriers, that they have a 25% risk at each pregnancy of having a child affected by the disease for which they were tested. If only one individual is a carrier this information is not disclosed. This scheme is offered to a consanguineous Bedouin community characterised by high prevalence of genetic diseases and a religious ban on abortion. Objective To elicit attitudes of community members concerning cousin marriage and genetic counselling. Method Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Bedouin respondents (n = 49). Results and conclusions Interviews revealed that a majority of Bedouin respondents confirmed the traditional and social role of cousin marriage. The main reasons given in this context were clan solidarity, interpersonal compatibility, preservation of family property, parental authority and social protection for women. A majority of the respondents also associated cousin marriage with genetic diseases. Regarding genetic testing, the majority of respondents preferred the option of premarital carrier matching, which was supposed to reduce stigmatisation, especially of women. Prenatal genetic testing was rejected on religious grounds. The result of this community-based and culture-sensitive process was a focus on premarital carrier matching.

Nondirectiveness and Its Lay Interpretations: The Effect of Counseling Style, Ethnicity and Culture on Attitudes Towards Genetic Counseling Among Jewish and Bedouin Respondents in Israel

To evaluate the effects of ethnicity, culture, and counseling style on the interpretation of nondirectiveness in genetic counseling, a questionnaire containing premarital and prenatal case vignettes in two versions (pessimistic/optimistic) was administered to 281 Jewish and 133 Bedouin respondents. The first study population was comprised of Jewish students enrolled in a university and a community college in the Negev (southern part of Israel). The second study population was comprised of Muslim-Bedouin college students from the same area. The majority of Jewish respondents interpreted the nondirective message as intended by counselors, while the majority of Bedouin respondents did not. Counseling style was found to have a statistically significant effect on the interpretation of the general role of counseling. Gender and susceptibility were not found to have a significant effect on interpretation. Group differences are analyzed through a cultural lens in which different interpretive norms can generate expectations for either nondirectiveness or directiveness.

Diversity and uniformity in genetic responsibility: moral attitudes of patients, relatives and lay people in Germany and Israel

The professional and institutional responsibility for handling genetic knowledge is well discussed; less attention has been paid to how lay people and particularly people who are affected by genetic diseases perceive and frame such responsibilities. In this exploratory study we qualitatively examine the attitudes of lay people, patients and relatives of patients in Germany and Israel towards genetic testing. These attitudes are further examined in the national context of Germany and Israel, which represent opposite regulatory approaches and bioethical debates concerning genetic testing. Three major themes of responsibility emerged from the inter-group and cross-cultural comparison: self-responsibility, responsibility for kin, and responsibility of society towards its members. National contrast was apparent in the moral reasoning of lay respondents concerning, for example, the right not to know versus the duty to know (self-responsibility) and the moral conflict concerning informing kin versus the moral duty to inform (responsibility for kin). Attitudes of respondents affected by genetic diseases were, however, rather similar in both countries. We conclude by discussing how moral discourses of responsibility are embedded within cultural (national, religious) as well as phenomenological (being affected) narratives, and the role of public engagement in bioethical discourse.

Disability Rights, Prenatal Diagnosis and Eugenics: A Cross-Cultural View

This paper considers the disability rights critique of genetic testing in the context of different communities and the issue of nondirectiveness. Despite the wide usage of genetic diagnosis in Israel, no public debate has emerged there concerning disability rights and prenatal testing. The common attitude that emerged from interviews with Israeli representatives of organizations “of’’ and “for’’ people with genetic diseases and congenital disabilities can be described as a two-fold view of disability: support of genetic testing during pregnancy, and support of the disabled person after birth. This two-fold view is explained as a secular construction situated in legal, economic and cultural contexts. The paper concludes by considering the implications of the “two-fold view’’ of disability for the profession of genetic counseling. It is argued that awareness of the existence of conflicting views among clients—such as the view of the ‘disability critique’ as well as of the “two-fold view of disability’’—should strengthen the significance of nondirectiveness.

Ambiguous Professionalism: Managing Efficiency and Service Quality in an Israeli Call Centre

This case study examines the management of frontline employees in an Israeli call centre by focusing on the organisational rhetoric of professionalism and the implementation of integrative human resource practices (debriefing, covert call monitoring, information and technology software, and a monthly bonus). This culture is critically explored as a ceremonial facade that covers the conventional quantity/quality tension.