Avinash R. Gholave

Green remediation of textile dyes containing wastewater by Ipomoea hederifolia L.

Wild plant and tissue cultures of Ipomoea hederifolia decolorize Scarlet RR (SRR) dye at a concentration of 50 mg L−1 up to 96% and 90% within 60 and 96 h, respectively. Significant induction in the enzyme activities of Lignin peroxidase, laccase, 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol reductase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and tyrosinase was found in the plant roots and shoots during decolorization. I. hederifolia was also able to treat a dye mixture and a real textile effluent efficiently with a reduction in the American Dye Manufacturers Institute (ADMI) value (color removal) up to 85% and 88%, BOD up to 65% and 63% and COD up to 62% and 68%, respectively. Detailed anatomical studies of the stem and root cells of I. hederifolia during uptake and degradation were carried out, showing a stepwise and mechanistic degradation of the model dye SRR. Products formed after dye degradation were analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, HPLC and HPTLC, which confirmed the phytotransformation of SRR, dye mixture and textile effluent. A possible pathway for the phytotransformation of SRR was proposed based on GC-MS analysis, which confirmed the formation of different metabolites with lower molecular weights. The phytotoxicity study revealed the non-toxic nature of the formed products.

Efficient decolorization and detoxification of textile industry effluent by Salvinia molesta in lagoon treatment

Salvinia molesta, an aquatic fern was observed to have a potential of degrading azo dye Rubine GFL up to 97% at a concentration of 100mg/L within 72h using 60±2g of root biomass. Both root as well as stem tissues showed induction in activities of the enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, veratryl alcohol oxidase, laccase, tyrosinase, catalase, DCIP reductase and superoxide dismutase during decolorization of Rubine GFL. FTIR, GC-MS, HPLC and UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis confirmed phytotransformation of the model dye into smaller molecules. Analysis of metabolites revealed breakdown of an azo bond of Rubine GFL by the action of lignin peroxidase and laccase and formation of 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline and N-methylbenzene-1, 4-diamine. Anatomical tracing of dye in the stem of S. molesta confirmed the presence of dye in tissues and subsequent removal after 48h of treatment. The concentration of chlorophyll pigments like chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid was observed during the treatment. Toxicity analysis on seeds of Triticum aestivum and Phaseolus mungo revealed the decreased toxicity of dye metabolites. In situ treatment of a real textile effluent was further monitored in a constructed lagoon of the dimensions of 7m×5m×2m (total surface area 35m(2)) using S. molesta for 192h. This large scale treatment was found to significantly reduce the values of COD, BOD5 and ADMI by 76%, 82% and 81% considering initial values 1185, 1440mg/L and 950 units, respectively.

Co-plantation of aquatic macrophytes Typha angustifolia and Paspalum scrobiculatum for effective treatment of textile industry effluent

Field treatment of textile industry effluent was carried out in constructed drenches (91.4m×1.2m×0.6m; 65.8m3) planted independently with Typha angustifolia, Paspalum scrobiculatum and their co-plantation (consortium-TP). The in situ treatment of effluent by T. angustifolia, P. scrobiculatum and consortium-TP was found to decrease ADMI color value by 62, 59 and 76%, COD by 65, 63 and 70%, BOD by 68, 63 and 75%, TDS by 45, 39 and 57%, and TSS by 35, 31 and 47%, respectively within 96h. Heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead were also removed up to 28-77% after phytoremediation. T. angustifolia and P. scrobiculatum showed removal of Congo Red (100mg/L) up to 80 and 73%, respectively within 48h while consortium-TP achieved 94% decolorization. Root tissues of T. angustifolia and P. scrobiculatum revealed inductions in the activities of oxido-reductive enzymes such as lignin peroxidase (193 and 32%), veratryl alcohol oxidase (823 and 460%), laccase (492 and 182%) and azo reductase (248 and 83%), respectively during decolorization of Congo Red. Anatomical studies of roots, FTIR, HPLC, UV-vis Spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis verified the phytotransformation. Phytotoxicity studies confirmed reduced toxicity of the metabolites of Congo Red.

Degradation and detoxification of methylene blue dye adsorbed on water hyacinth in semi continuous anaerobic–aerobic bioreactors by novel microbial consortium-SB

Combinatorial adsorption–biodegradation treatment of textile wastewater provides a cost effective and ecofriendly alternative to conventional physicochemical treatment methods. Water hyacinth plant powder (WHPP) was used for adsorption of cationic dye methylene blue. Adsorption of methylene blue on WHPP was found to follow pseudo second order kinetics. The toxicity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), alkalinity and hardness of filtrate were significantly reduced after adsorption of methylene blue on WHPP. The decolorization of dye adsorbed on WHPP was performed in semi continuous anaerobic sludge bioreactor and aerobic trickling bed bioreactor. The percentage of dye removal was comparatively higher in single anaerobic treatment while significant reduction in COD, BOD, alkalinity, hardness and toxicity were observed in semi continuous aerobic treatment (flow rate 80 mL h−1) than in anaerobic treatment. Degradation of methylene blue after semi continuous anaerobic–aerobic treatment was confirmed by HPLC analysis.

Phylogenetic analysis, genetic diversity and relationships between the recently segregated species of Corynandra and Cleoserrata from the genus Cleome using DNA barcoding and molecular markers

Cleome is the largest genus in the family Cleomaceae and it is known for its various medicinal properties. Recently, some species from the Cleome genus (Cleome viscosa, Cleome chelidonii, Cleome felina and Cleome speciosa) are split into genera Corynandra (Corynandra viscosa, Corynandra chelidonii, Corynandra felina), and Cleoserrata (Cleoserrata speciosa). The objective of this study was to obtain DNA barcodes for these species for their accurate identification and determining phylogenetic relationships. Out of 10 screened barcoding regions, rbcL, matK and ITS1 regions showed higher PCR efficiency and sequencing success. This study added matK, rbcL and ITS1 barcodes for the identification of Corynandra chelidonii, Corynandra felina, Cleome simplicifolia and Cleome aspera species in existing barcode data. Corynandra chelidonii and Corynandra felina species belong to the Corynandra genus, but they are not grouped with the Corynandra viscosa species, however clustered with the Cleome species. Molecular marker analysis showed 100% polymorphism among the studied plant samples. Diversity indices for molecular markers were ranged from He=0.1115-0.1714 and I=0.2268-0.2700, which indicates a significant amount of genetic diversity among studied species. Discrimination of the Cleome and Corynandra species from Cleoserrata speciosa was obtained by two RAPD primers (OPA-4 and RAPD-17) and two ISSR primers (ISSR-1 and ISSR-2). RAPD and ISSR markers are useful for the genetic characterization of these studied species. The present investigation will be helpful to understand the relationships of Cleome lineages with Corynandra and Cleoserrata species.

Phytobeds with Fimbristylis dichotoma and Ammannia baccifera for treatment of real textile effluent: An in situ treatment, anatomical studies and toxicity evaluation

Abstract Fimbristylis dichotoma, Ammannia baccifera and their co‐plantation consortium FA independently degraded Methyl Orange, simulated dye mixture and real textile effluent. Wild plants of F. dichotoma and A. baccifera with equal biomass showed 91% and 89% decolorization of Methyl Orange within 60 h at a concentration of 50 ppm, while 95% dye removal was achieved by consortium FA within 48 h. Floating phyto‐beds with co‐plantation (F. dichotoma and A. baccifera) for the treatment of real textile effluent in a constructed wetland was observed to be more efficient and achieved 79%, 72%, 77%, 66% and 56% reductions in ADMI color value, COD, BOD, TDS and TSS of textile effluent, respectively. HPTLC, GC‐MS, FTIR, UV–vis spectroscopy and activated oxido‐reductive enzyme activities confirmed the phytotrasformation of parent dye in to new metabolites. T‐RFLP analysis of rhizospheric bacteria of F. dichotoma, A. baccifera and consortium FA revealed the presence of 88, 98 and 223 genera which could have been involved in dye removal. Toxicity evaluation of products formed after phytotransformation of Methyl Orange by consortium FA on bivalves Lamellidens marginalis revealed less damage of the gills architecture when analyzed histologically. Toxicity measurement by Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique revealed bivalve DNA banding pattern in treated Methyl Orange sample suggesting less toxic nature of phytotransformed dye products. Graphical abstract Figure. No Caption available. HighlightsF. dichotoma L. and A. baccifera L. decolorized Methyl Orange and real textile dye effluent.Co‐plantation of F. dichotoma L. and A. baccifera L. gave more efficient dye removal.Possible degradation pathways of Methyl Orange by all three systems are proposed.Effluents were treated note‐worthily in floating phyto‐beds by plants.Toxicity study on bivalve revealed less toxic nature of dye products.

Resolving Generic Boundaries in Indian—Australasian Cleomaceae: Circumscription of Areocleome, Arivela, and Corynandra as Distinct Genera

Abstract Novel molecular data and morphological studies have provided support for the segregation of numerous genera from Cleome s. l. (Cleomaceae). Corynandra has been proposed as a segregate genus including Indian and Australian species based on floral and seed morphology. Contrasting seed coat micro-morphology between Indian and Australian species included in Corynandra raised questions over the monophyly of that genus concept. Relationships among the Indian and Australian species remain unclear due to limited sampling in previous molecular analyses. We expanded the sampling of taxa from India and Australia in order to clarify relationships between these species and the circumscription of Corynandra. Comprehensive sampling of Indian and Australian species formed three well-supported clades based on analyses of molecular sequence data and we conclude that Corynandra is not related to the Australian species. The genus Arivela Raf. is reinstated for the majority of Australian species. The new genus Areocleome is described to accommodate the unusual Australian C4 species Cleome oxalidea. The following new combinations are made: Areocleome oxalidea, Arivela arenitensis, Arivela bundeica, Arivela cleomoides, Arivela insolata, Arivela kenneallyi, Arivela limmenensis, Arivela linophylla, Arivela lophosperma, Arivela microaustralica, Arivela tetrandra, Arivela uncifera, Corynandra aspera, and Corynandra simplicifolia. Arivela microphylla is raised to species level and provided with a new combination.

Amorphophallus longiconnectivus and A. margaritifer: additional aroids from Maharashtra with notes on the floral variations

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Reconstruction of molecular phylogeny of closely related Amorphophallus species of India using plastid DNA marker and fingerprinting approaches

Plastid DNA markers sequencing and DNA fingerprinting approaches were used and compared for resolving molecular phylogeny of closely related, previously unexplored Amorphophallus species of India. The utility of individual plastid markers namely rbcL, matK, trnH–psbA, trnLC–trnLD, their combined dataset and two fingerprinting techniques viz. RAPD and ISSR were tested for their efficacy to resolves Amorphophallus species into three sections specific clades namely Rhaphiophallus, Conophallus and Amorphophallus. In the present study, sequences of these four plastid DNA regions as well as RAPD and ISSR profiles of 16 Amorphophallus species together with six varieties of two species were generated and analyzed. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian Inference based construction of phylogenetic trees indicated that among the four plastid DNA regions tested individually and their combined dataset, rbcL was found best suited for resolving closely related Amorphophallus species into section specific clades. When analyzed individually, rbcL exhibited better discrimination ability than matK, trnH–psbA, trnLC–trnLD and combination of all four tested plastid markers. Among two fingerprinting techniques used, the resolution of Amorphophallus species using RAPD was better than ISSR and combination of RAPD +ISSR and in congruence with resolution based on rbcL.

Combretum shivannae (Combretaceae), a new species from India

SummaryThe new species Combretum shivannae is described and illustrated. It grows in evergreen forest in Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka, India. It differs from C. malabaricum in its pubescent stem, densely hairy bracts, long hypanthium and style and white petals. C. shivannae can also be differentiated from C. indicum in having a shorter and included style, included stamens and subulate bracts.