Awang Soh Mamat

Antioxidant and Wound Healing Activity of Polyherbal Fractions of Clinacanthus nutans and Elephantopus scaber

Elephantopus scaber and Clinacanthus nutans are traditionally used as wound healing herb. The objective of the present study is to develop a new polyherbal formulation, by comparison, the herbal combination of Elephantopus scaber and Clinacanthus nutans as an in vitro antioxidant activity with their individual herbal activity followed by fractionation of polyherbal formulation for in vivo wound healing activities and identification of bioactive compounds from their active fractions. Antioxidant activity was performed in vitro by DPPH scavenging antioxidant activity followed by in vivo wound healing activities using excision wound model, incision wound model, and burn wound model. Toxicity of the fractions of the polyherbal formulation was performed by a dermal toxicity test. The result showed that Elephantopus scaber crude extract on the basis of EC50 performs a much faster action (15.67 μg/mL) but with less % inhibition (87.66%) as compared to the combination of the new polyherbal formulation of crude extract (30 μg/mL). The polyherbal formulation has the highest % inhibition (89.49%) at the same dose as compared to Elephantopus scaber (87.66%). In comparison among all crude and fractions of new polyherbal formulation, it was found that the ethyl acetate fraction of polyherbal formulation has the fastest activity (EC50 14.83 μg/mL) with % inhibition (89.28%). Furthermore, during evaluation of wound contraction on excision and incision wound model, ethyl acetate fraction possesses the highest activity with (P < 0.001) and (P < 0.0001), respectively. During burn wound model, aqueous fraction (P < 0.001) possesses the highest activity followed by an ethyl acetate fraction (P < 0.0001). LC-MS analysis discovered the presence of several flavonoid-based compounds that work synergistically with sesquiterpene lactone and other bioactive compounds. In conclusion, flavonoid increases the antioxidant activity that surges the rate of wound contraction and works synergistically with other bioactive compounds.

Optimization study of Chromalaena odorata essential oil extracted using solventless extraction technique

Solventless extraction process of Chromalaena odorata using reduced pressure and temperature has been investigated. The percentage yield of essential oil produce was calculated for every experiment with different experimental condition. The effect of different parameters, such as temperature and extraction time on the yield was investigated using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) through Central Composite Design (CCD). The temperature and extraction time were found to have significant effect on the yield of extract. A final essential oil yield was 0.095% could be extracted under the following optimized conditions; a temperature of 80 °C and a time of 8 hours.

Identification of Flavonoids (Quercetin, Gallic acid and Rutin) from Catharanthus roseus Plant Parts using Deep Eutectic Solvent

Green technology is the most important topic in the pharmaceutical field because it reduces the cost of medicines and minimizes the environmental impact of the field and is better for human health and safety. Green chemistry emphasizes that the solvent should be nontoxic, safe, cheap, green, readily available, recyclable, and biodegradable. Deep eutectic solvents, a new type of green solvent, have some renowned properties—for instance, high thermal stability, low vapor pressure, low cost, biodegradability, and high viscosity. In this study, deep eutectic solvents made up of choline chloride-glycerol (1:2) were used for the extraction and isolation of flavonoid (rutin, gallic acid, and quercetin) from Catharanthus roseus plant parts, flower petal, leaves, stem, and root. The amounts of rutin and quercetin in flower petal are 29.46 and 6.51%, respectively, whereas, rutin, gallic acid, and quercetin amounts in leaves are 25.16, 8.57, and 10.47%, respectively. In stem, the amounts of rutin, gallic acid, and quercetin are 13.02, 5.89, and 7.47%, respectively. In root, only quercetin has been obtained that is 13.49%. The HPLC is an analytical method, which was found to be an excellent technique for determination of rutin, gallic acid, and quercetin using deep eutectic solvent extraction from plant parts of Catharanthus roseus.

Antioxidant and Total Phenolic Content of Catharanthus roseus Using Deep Eutectic Solvent

Deep eutectic solvents as a new type of eco-friendly solvents have attracted attention in chemistry, medicine, and other fields for the extraction and separation of target compounds from medicinal plants. Deep eutectic solvents are easy to prepare and have many advantages as solvents, such as chemical inertness with water, low cost, easy biodegradability, and pharmaceutically acceptable toxicity. In this study, a deep eutectic solvent made up of choline chloride-glycerol (1:2) was used for the extraction of flavonoids from Catharanthus roseus plant parts (flower petal, leaves, stem, and root). The highest amount of phenolic content was detected in flower petal, that is, 194.50 mg GAE/g. In DPPH test, the maximum amount of antioxidant activity determined in the flower petal was 73.13%; IC50 was calculated by using a linear regression equation; IC50 value of the standard, stem, root, leaf, and flower petal was 13.22, 90.44, 83.93, 120.14, 79.49 μg/ml, respectively. The result of this research is that Catharanthus roseus has a compatible antioxidant activity. This can be helpful for the treatment of diseases caused by free-radical oxidative stress.

Optimization of Ficus deltoidea Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction by Box-Behnken Statistical Design

In this study, the effect of extraction parameters (ethanol concentration, sonication time, and solvent-to-sample ratio) on Ficus deltoidea leaves was investigated using ultrasound-assisted extraction by response surface methodology (RSM). Total phenolic content (TPC) of F. deltoidea extracts was identified using Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g. Box-Behnken statistical design (BBD) was the tool used to find the optimal conditions for maximum TPC. Besides, the extraction yield was measured and stated in percentage. The optimized TPC attained was 455.78 mg GAE/g at 64% ethanol concentration, 10 minutes sonication time, and 20 mL/g solvent-to-sample ratio whereas the greatest extraction yield was 33% with ethanol concentration of 70%, sonication time of 40 minutes, and solvent-to-material ratio at 40 mL/g. The determination coefficient, R2, for TPC indicates that 99.5% capriciousness in the response could be clarified by the ANOVA model and the value of 0.9681 of predicted R2 is in equitable agreement with the 0.9890 of adjusted R2. The present study shows that ethanol water as solvent, a short time of 10 minutes, and adequate solvent-to-sample ratio (20 mL/g) are the best conditions for extraction.

Goniothalamus: Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Review

Goniothalamus species are used in widespread medicines for abortion, anti-aging, body pains, rheumatism, skin complaints, typhoid fever, tympanites, stomach ache and fever. The present study reviews the distribution of species along with their synonyms, their traditional usage, and correlated chemical compounds of Goniothalamus species with stress on the authentication of their ethnobotanical uses. The findings in some Goniothalamus species suggest that the chemical nature of their derivatives, such as acetogenins and styryl-lactones, may justify the use of these species against cancer in Asian traditional medicines due to their cytotoxic potential.

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF CATHARNTHUS ROSEUS USING DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS

Medicinal plant derived compound have an important role in the development of many clinically useful agents. Catharanthus roseus is a significant medicinal plant of the Apocynaceae family. Catharanthus roseus plant is used for different disease treatment such as skin cancer, Hodgkins disease, breast cancer, and lymphoblastic leukemia. The aim of this study is conferring the comparative abundances of different phytochemicals, physiochemical and fluorescence analysis from Catharanthus roseus. Some of the chemical constituent’s tests have been performed for phytochemical analysis. Fluorescence analysis was done by using dried powder mixed with different chemicals and have been observed under UV light (365 nm) and ordinary light. Total ash, acid insoluble ash, and moisture have been selected for physiochemical analysis. The precipitate formation or colour change was used as analytical answers for phytochemical analysis. The result of fluorescence analysis observed under UV light (365nm) and ordinary light by observing colour changes in sample. The percentage of loss of weight on drying, total ash and acid insoluble ash were obtained by employing standard methods of analysis for the physiochemical test. Extraction of Catharanthus roseus plant using deep eutectic solvent gave positive results.

FAST DEVELOPMENT OF RP-HPLC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF RUTIN FROM AQUEOUS FRACTION OF NEW POLYHERBAL FORMULATION CONTAINING CLINACANTHUS NUTANS AND ELEPHANTOPUS SCABER

Herbal medicinal products contain a blend of phytochemicals; each of these contains many chemical compounds that may give the anticipated activity. Therefore, it is very vital to analyse and evaluate the quality of various active constituents and markers. Objective of the study was to develop and validate stability indicating RP-HPLC gradient method for simultaneous estimation of rutin as biomarker from an Aqueous fraction of the new polyherbal formulation of Clinacanthus nutans and Elephantopus scaber. A Shimadzu HPLC was utilized to perform the analysis which was equipped with anautosampler, column oven, and UV/VIS detector. An HPLC column used was Merck Licrochart Purospher Start RP 18 column (250mm, 4.6 mm i.d, 5μm pore size).The temperature was maintained at 40.0 oC throughout the study. The mobile phase was a binary mixture of methanol–water, 1:1 (v/v), adjusted to pH 3.0 with glacial acetic acid. The flow rate was 1 mL min. Absorbance was monitored at λ = 360 nm. Average Retention time, variance and standard deviation of rutin from aqueous fraction of the polyherbal formulation at different concentration was found 4.1327, 0.00157 and 0.0396 respectively. Coefficient correlation of standard and sample was found linear R=0.9991 and R= 0.998 respectively. The P value of standard and sample was found significant (P <0.0001). The proposed analytical method was found to be fast and stable. It is recommended as a part of more reliable qualitative and quantitative analysis of new herbal formulation in the treatment of the wound.